1、Designation: F 1337 91 (Reapproved 2006)An American National StandardStandard Practice forHuman Engineering Program Requirements for Ships andMarine Systems, Equipment, and Facilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1337; the number immediately following the designation indicat
2、es the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes and defines the re
3、quirementsfor applying human engineering to the development andacquisition of ships and marine systems, equipment, andfacilities. These requirements are applicable to all phases ofdevelopment, acquisition, and testing and shall be integratedwith the total system engineering and development, and test
4、effort. It is not expected nor intended that all of the humanengineering activities should be applied to every marineprogram or program phase. Therefore, these activities shall betailored to meet the specific needs of each program and themilestone phase of the program within the overall life cycle.T
5、his tailoring shall be performed by the procuring activity orby the contractor or subcontractor with the assistance andapproval of the procuring activity in order to impose only theessential human engineering requirements on each program.Guidance for selection of only the essential requirements isco
6、ntained in Appendix X1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1166 Practice for Human Engineering Design for MarineSystems, Equipment, and Facilities2.2 Other Standard:SNAME Sample Model Specification for Human Engineer-ing PurposesTechnical and Research Bulletin 42233. Terminology3.1 Definiti
7、ons of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 arrangement drawingsengineering design drawingsthat provide plan, sectional, and elevation views of: (1) theconfiguration and arrangement of major items of equipment formanned compartments, spaces, or individual work stations, and(2) within the work stati
8、on, such as in a modular rack or on afiddleboard.3.1.2 critical activityany human activity that if not ac-complished in accordance with system requirements (that is,time limits, specific sequence, necessary accuracy) will haveadverse effects on system or equipment cost, reliability, effi-ciency, eff
9、ectiveness, or safety.3.1.3 cultural expectationthe cause and effect relation-ships (for example, red means stop or danger) that humanslearn from their culture.3.1.4 dutya set of operationally related tasks within agiven job (for example, communicating, operator mainte-nance).3.1.5 functionan activi
10、ty performed by a system (forexample, provide electric power) to meet mission objectives.3.1.6 human engineeringa specialized engineering disci-pline within the area of human factors that applies scientificknowledge of human physiological and psychological capabili-ties and limitations to the design
11、 of hardware to achieveeffective man-machine integration.3.1.7 human factorsthe application of scientific knowl-edge about human characteristics, covering both biomedicaland psychosocial considerations, to complete systems, indi-vidual equipments, software, and facilities. This application isthrough
12、 such specialized fields as human engineering, man-ning, personnel selection, training, training devices and simu-lation, life support, safety, job performance aids, and humanperformance testing and evaluation.3.1.8 human interfaceany direct contact (that is, physical,visual, or auditory) with a pie
13、ce of hardware or software by ahuman operator or maintainer.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships andMarine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.07 onGeneral Requirements.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Origi
14、nallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 1337 91 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag
15、e onthe ASTM website.3Available from Society of NavalArchitects and Marine Engineers, 601 PavoniaAve., Jersey City, NJ 07306, Attn: Technical Coordinator.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.9 jobthe combination of all
16、 human performance re-quired for operation and maintenance of one personnel positionin a system.3.1.10 life supportthat area of human factors that appliesscientific knowledge regarding the effects of environmentalfactors on human behavior and performance to items thatrequire special attention or pro
17、visions for health promotion,biomedical aspects of safety, protection, sustenance, escape,survival, and recovery of personnel.3.1.11 missiona specific performance requirement im-posed on one or more systems (for example, unload cargo)within the operational requirements.3.1.12 operational requirement
18、srequirements underwhich the platform, system, equipment, or software will beexpected to operate and be maintained (for example, day/night,all weather operation, sea state, speed, endurance) whilecompleting a specific mission or missions.3.1.13 panel layout drawingsdetailed drawings that in-clude su
19、ch features as: a scale layout of the controls anddisplays on each panel or an item of equipment such as ashipboard command console; a description of all symbols used;identification of the color coding used for displays and con-trols; the labeling used on each control or display; and theidentificati
20、on of control type (for example, alternate action ormomentary), also screen layouts for software generated dis-plays.3.1.14 platformthe major hardware (for example, ship,off-shore rig, barge, submarine) on, or in which, the individualequipment, system, or software will be installed or added.3.1.15 s
21、patial relationshipsplacement of multiple butseparate components of a system together, so it is visuallyobvious that the components are related and used together, orplacement of identical components used on multiple systems toprovide the user with a spatial clue as to where the componentsare located
22、.3.1.16 subtaskactivities (perceptions, decisions, and re-sponses) that fulfill a portion of the immediate purpose withina task (for example, remove washers and nuts on the waterpump).3.1.17 systema composite of subsystems, includingequipment, communications, software, and personnel that ei-ther ind
23、ependently, or in conjunction with other systems,performs functions.3.1.18 system analysisa basic tool for systematically de-fining the roles of and interactions between the equipment,personnel, communications, and software of one or moresystems. It is an iterative process, requiring updating. Used
24、inthe early phases of design, it can be useful in allocatingassignment of tasks to personnel, equipment, software, or somecombination thereof. Done in later design stages, it can serve asthe basis for the arrangement of equipment and work stations.3.1.19 taska composite of related activities (percep
25、tions,decisions, and responses) performed for an immediate purpose,written in operator/maintainer language (for example, change awater pump).3.1.20 task analysisa method used to develop a time-oriented description of the interactions between the humanoperator/maintainer and the equipment or software
26、 in accom-plishing a unit of work with a system or individual piece ofequipment. It shows the sequential and simultaneous manualand intellectual activities of personnel operating, maintaining,or controlling equipment, in addition to sequential operation ofthe equipment.3.1.21 task elementthe smalles
27、t logically and reasonablydefinable unit of behavior required in completing a task orsubtask (for example, apply counterclockwise torque to thenuts, on the water pump, with a wrench).3.1.22 vendor drawingsdesign drawings prepared by themanufacturer of an individual piece of equipment which ispurchas
28、ed for installation aboard a ship or other marineplatform.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Human Engineering Program PlanThe human engi-neering program plan, in accordance with the requirements ofthis practice and the equipment or ship specification, shallinclude the tasks to be performed, human engineerin
29、g mile-stones, level of effort, methods to be used, design concepts tobe used, and the test and evaluation program, in terms of anintegrated effort within the total project.4.2 Quality AssuranceVerification of compliance with therequirements of this practice and other human engineeringrequirements s
30、pecified by the contract will be the responsibilityof the procuring activity. Human engineering performed duringthe development program by a contractor or subcontractor shallbe demonstrated to the satisfaction of the procuring activity atthe scheduled design and configuration reviews and inspec-tion
31、s, as well as during development test and evaluationinspections, demonstrations, and tests.4.3 NonduplicationThe efforts performed to fulfill thehuman engineering requirements specified herein shall becoordinated with, but not duplicate, efforts performed inaccordance with other requirements. Necess
32、ary extensions ortransformations of the results of other efforts for use in thehuman engineering program will not be considered duplica-tion. Instances of duplication or conflict shall be brought to theattention of the procuring activity.4.4 Cognizance and CoordinationThe human engineeringprogram sh
33、all be coordinated with maintainability, systemsafety, reliability, survivability/vulnerability, and integratedlogistic support, as well as other human factors functions, suchas life support and safety, personnel selection, preparation ofjob aids, and training. Results of human engineering analysis
34、orlessons learned information shall be incorporated into thelogistic support analysis as applicable. The human engineeringportion of any analysis, design and development, or test andevaluation program shall be conducted by, or under the directcognizance of, personnel properly trained and experienced
35、 inhuman engineering and assigned the human engineering re-sponsibility by the contractor or subcontractor.5. Significance and Use5.1 Intended UseCompliance with this practice will pro-vide the procuring activity with assurance that the operator/maintainer will be efficient and effective in the oper
36、ation andmaintenance of systems, equipment and facilities. Specifically,it is intended to ensure that:F 1337 91 (2006)25.1.1 System performance requirements are achieved byappropriate use of the human component,5.1.2 Proper design of equipment, software and environ-ment permits the personnel-equipme
37、nt/software combinationto meet system performance goals,5.1.3 Design features will not constitute a hazard to person-nel,5.1.4 Trade-offs between automated versus manual opera-tion have been chosen for peak system efficiency withinappropriate cost limits,5.1.5 Application of selected human engineeri
38、ng designstandards are technically adequate and appropriate,5.1.6 Systems and equipments are designed to facilitaterequired maintenance,5.1.7 Procedures for operating and maintaining equipmentare efficient, reliable and safe,5.1.8 Potential error-inducing equipment design features areeliminated, or
39、at least, minimized,5.1.9 Layouts and arrangements of equipment afford effi-cient communication and use, and5.1.10 Contractors provide the necessary, technically quali-fied manpower to accomplish the objectives listed.5.2 Scope and Nature of WorkThe human engineeringeffort shall include, but not nec
40、essarily be limited to, activeparticipation in three major interrelated areas of platform,system, and equipment development.5.2.1 AnalysisStarting with a mission analysis developedwithin baseline operational requirements, the functions thatmust be performed by the system in achieving its missionobje
41、ctives shall be identified and described. These functionsshall be analyzed to determine the best allocation to personnel,equipment, software, or combinations thereof. Allocated func-tions shall be further dissected to define the specific tasks thatmust be performed to accomplish the functions. Each
42、task shallbe analyzed to determine the human performance parameters,the system/equipment/software capabilities, and theoperational/environmental conditions under which the tasks areconducted. Task performance parameters shall be quantified,where possible, and in a form permitting effectiveness studi
43、esof the crew-equipment/software interfaces in relation to thetotal system operation. Human engineering high risk areasshall be identified as part of the analysis.5.2.2 Design and DevelopmentDesign and developmentof the equipment, software, systems, and total platformsrequiring personnel as operator
44、s or maintainers, or both, shallinclude a human engineering effort that will ensure thatadequate and appropriate human engineering design standardsare incorporated into the overall engineering design. Suchstandards may be specifically stated in the system equipment,software, or facilities acquisitio
45、n specifications, or they may begenerated from the analysis work completed prior to designand development.5.2.3 Test and EvaluationTest and evaluation shall beconducted with the newly designed equipment, software,facilities, and environment to verify that they meet humanengineering and life support
46、criteria and are compatible withthe overall system requirements. This shall include periodicon-site checks of the platform, systems, equipment, software,or facilities during construction to ensure that changes are notmade during construction that would degrade earlier humanengineering efforts.6. Hum
47、an Engineering Activities6.1 ScopeThe human engineering program shall includethe following activities:6.1.1 Operational Requirements (OR)Operational re-quirements (ORs) are established first to define the parameterswithin which the individual equipment, system, or total plat-form shall be expected t
48、o perform. ORs shall be expressed insuch terms as the weather conditions under which it mustoperate (for example, rain, snow, sea state limits); number ofdays it must operate without being refueled or resupplied; andmaximum number of personnel that will be available to operateand maintain the hardwa
49、re. Human engineering shall beconsidered in the development of ORs, especially when theORs include requirements on the number, type, or training ofoperators or maintainers, or both.6.1.2 Mission Requirements AnalysisMission require-ments define the performance parameters of the equipment,system, or total platform in greater detail than that provided bythe ORs, and in terms of specific activities the hardware/software is supposed to accomplish. Human engineering shallbe involved in establishing the mission requirements since thehumans capabilities
