1、Designation: F1359/F1359M 16aStandard Test Method forLiquid Penetration Resistance of Protective Clothing orProtective Ensembles Under a Shower Spray While on aManikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1359/F1359M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、rof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONPersonnel in industry and emergency response can be exp
3、osed to numerous liquids capable ofcausing harm upon contact with the human body. These liquids may include chemicals, contaminatedblood or body fluids, and other hazardous liquids. The deleterious effects of different chemicals canrange from acute trauma such as skin irritation and burn, to chronic
4、 degenerative disease such ascancer. Biological-based hazard liquids may include various liquidborne pathogens capable of causinginfection directly or with non-intact skin. Since engineering controls cannot eliminate all possibleexposures, attention is often placed on reducing the potential for dire
5、ct skin contact through the useof protective clothing.Protective clothing is available in a variety of constructions, configurations, and materials, and isdesigned to provide various levels of protection against many hazards. Protective clothing offering thehighest level of chemical protection is co
6、nstructed to prevent any contact of solid, liquid, or gaseouschemicals with the wearer. Test Method F1052 evaluates the integrity and construction of the vaporprotective ensembles by way of an internal pressure test. In some applications, protective clothingneed only isolate the wearer from splashes
7、 of liquids. This test method evaluates the integrity of theconstruction and configuration of liquid-penetration-resistant protective clothing or protectiveensembles with a shower spray test.Resistance of materials used in protective clothing to chemical permeation should be evaluated byTest Method
8、F739 for continuous contact and Test Method F1383 for intermittent contact (that is,splash), or by Test Method F1407 using the permeation cup method. Resistance of protective clothingmaterials to liquid penetration should be determined by Test Method F903. Resistance of protectiveclothing materials
9、specifically to blood and other potentially infectious materials should be determinedby Test Method F1670 and Test Method F1671.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the ability of protectiveclothing or protective ensembles to resist liquid penetration inthe form of a shower spray with surfactant-tr
10、eated water.1.2 This test method measures the liquid penetration resis-tance of the construction and configuration of the overallprotective clothing or protective ensemble, but especially ofseams, closures, and interfaces with other components such asgloves, boots, hoods, and respiratory protective
11、equipment. It isintended that this test method be used to assess the liquidpenetration resistance of protective clothing and protectiveensembles as received from the manufacturer and worn inaccordance with their instructions.1.3 Resistance of materials used in protective clothing topermeation or pen
12、etration can be determined in accordancewith Test Method F739 (or Test Method F1383 or Test MethodF1407) and Test Method F903, respectively. Alternatively,resistance of materials used in protective clothing to penetra-tion by synthetic blood or liquids containing virus can bedetermined in accordance
13、 with Test Method F1670 and TestMethod F1671.1.4 The integrity of vapor protective ensembles is measuredby its ability to maintain positive internal pressure with TestMethod F1052.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the
14、 direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.30 on Chemicals.Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F1359/F1359M - 16.DOI: 10.1520/F1359_F1359M-16A.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
15、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.5 The values in SI units or in other units shall be regardedseparately as standard. The values stated in each system mustbe used independently of the other, without combining valuesin any way.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of
16、thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1331 Test Methods for Su
17、rface and Interfacial Tension ofSolutions of Paints, Solvents, Solutions of Surface-ActiveAgents, and Related MaterialsF739 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions ofContinuous ContactF903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used inPr
18、otective Clothing to Penetration by LiquidsF1052 Test Method for Pressure Testing Vapor ProtectiveSuitsF1383 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions ofIntermittent ContactF1407 Test Method for Resistance of Chemical ProtectiveClothing Mat
19、erials to Liquid PermeationPermeationCup MethodF1670 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used inProtective Clothing to Penetration by Synthetic BloodF1671 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used inProtective Clothing to Penetration by Blood-Borne Patho-gens Using Phi-X174 Bacteriophage Pene
20、tration as a TestSystem2.2 AATCC Standards3AATCC Test Method 135 Dimensional Changes in Auto-matic Home Laundering of Woven and Knitted Fabrics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 liquid splash protective clothing, nprotective cloth-ing used to protect the wearer from liquid splashes and otherforms o
21、f incidental liquid contact.3.1.2 liquid splash protective ensemble, nprotective en-semble used to protect the wearer from liquid splashes andother forms of incidental liquid contact.3.1.3 penetration, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of substances through voids in protective clothingm
22、aterials or items on a nonmolecular level.3.1.3.1 DiscussionVoids include gaps, pores, holes, andimperfections in closures, seams, interfaces and protectiveclothing materials. Penetration does not require a change ofstate; solid chemicals move through voids in materials assolids, liquids as liquids
23、and gases as gases. Penetration is adistinctly different mechanism from permeation.3.1.4 permeation, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovements of chemicals as molecules through protectiveclothing materials by the processes of (1) absorption of thechemical into the contact surface of the materi
24、als, (2) diffusionof the absorbed molecules throughout the material, and (3)desorption of the chemical from the opposite surface of thematerial.3.1.4.1 DiscussionPermeation is a distinctly differentmechanism from penetration.3.1.5 protective clothing, nan item of clothing that isspecifically designe
25、d and constructed for the intended purposeof isolating all or part of the body from a potential hazard; or,isolating the external environment from contamination by thewearer of the clothing.3.1.6 protective ensemble, nthe combination of protectiveclothing with respiratory protective equipment, hoods
26、, helmets,gloves, boots, communication systems, cooling devices, andother accessories intended to protect the wearer from apotential hazard when worn together.3.1.6.1 DiscussionFor evaluating liquid penetrationresistance, the protective ensemble includes only those cloth-ing items or accessories tha
27、t are necessary to provide resistanceto liquid penetration.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A properly fitting test specimen (protective clothing orprotective ensemble) is placed on a standardized manikin thatis already dressed in a specified liquid-absorptive garmentcovering portions of the manikin for
28、m that are of interest.4.2 Water, treated to achieve a surface tension of0.032 6 0.002 N/m 32 6 2 dynes cm is sprayed at the testspecimen from nozzles positioned in a specific configurationwith respect to the specimen. The specimen is exposed to theliquid spray for a specified period in each of four
29、 specimenorientations.4.2.1 In ProcedureA, five nozzles are positioned in the sameplane and directed towards the center of the manikin fromspecified locations above and to the sides of the manikin. Themanikin is rotated 45 through each of four different orienta-tions.4.2.2 In Procedure B, three nozz
30、les are positioned in avertical line parallel to the vertical plane of the manikin and arelocated and directed towards certain targets on the manikin.The manikin is rotated 90 through each of four differentorientations.4.3 Liquid penetration resistance is determined by the ab-sence of observable wet
31、ting of the inner liquid-absorptivegarment, or by the absence of observable liquid detected on theinterior of the specimen, or both.4.4 The test specimen is rated as passing if liquid does notpenetrate and as failing if liquid does penetrate.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, ww
32、w.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park,
33、NC 27709-2215, http:/www.aatcc.org.F1359/F1359M 16a25. Significance and Use5.1 This test method evaluates the ability of the constructionand configuration of protective clothing or protective en-sembles to resist liquid penetration. In most cases, the condi-tions used in this test method will not re
34、present actual end-useconditions.5.2 Two different spray configurations are used for exposingthe protective clothing or protective ensemble on a manikin.5.2.1 Procedure A involves five shower nozzles with onenozzle directly above the clothed manikin and two nozzleseach to upper and lower sides of th
35、e manikin that are allpositioned in the same vertical plane. This spray configurationis intended to provide a full exposure of the entire protectiveclothing or protective ensemble system.5.2.2 Procedure B involves three shower nozzles that arepositioned at different heights on a vertical line that i
36、s parallelto the manikin with the locations and direction of each nozzleset with respect to targets on the manikin. This spray configu-ration is intended to provide a direct assessment of garmentfeatures such as the front closure.5.3 The selected duration of the test is not intended tosimulate user
37、exposure to splashes of liquid substances butrather to provide sufficient time for enough liquid to penetrateto make visual detection easier. The default liquid exposuretime for Procedure A is 20 min. The default liquid exposuretime for Procedure B is 10 min.5.3.1 It is permissible to specify shorte
38、r test durations. It isrecommended that the duration of exposure be the same in eachmanikin orientation.5.3.2 The choice of different test duration is partly based onthe number of layers in the specimen being tested, some ofwhich serve to absorb the surfactant-treated test liquid andresult in attenu
39、ating the severity of the liquid challenge to thespecimen.5.4 A nontoxic, non-foaming surfactant is added to waterfor this test method to simulate liquids of lower surfacetensions. Liquids of specific interest can be simulated bytreating water to achieve an equivalent surface tension.5.5 For protect
40、ive clothing with water-repellent surfaces,the lower surface tension liquid will aid in the evaluation of theconstruction and configuration of the garment because it is lesslikely to be repelled and more likely to wet the protectiveclothing. This is especially useful for reusable garments whosewater
41、-repellent surface interferes with the evaluation of theirconstruction and configuration when new, but is diminishedafter wearing and washing.5.6 Fluorescent or colored dyes are permitted to be added tothe water to enhance detection of liquid penetration into theprotective clothing or protective ens
42、emble.5.7 This test method can be used by both manufacturers andend users to assess liquid penetration resistance. Manufacturerscan use this test method to evaluate quality of construction andeffectiveness of clothing and ensemble configurations.5.8 The clothing or ensemble is sized to fit the manik
43、in. It isimportant that the clothing be selected to fit the manikin wellsince detection of liquid penetration requires as much contactas possible between the clothing or ensemble and the innerliquid-absorptive garment.5.9 Results on a mismatched size of clothing or ensembleshall not be used to gener
44、alize about a particular constructionor configuration. Manikin fit potentially affects liquid penetra-tion resistance determinations.5.10 There are no known restrictions to the types of protec-tive clothing or protective ensembles that can be evaluated withthis test method.5.11 In some cases protect
45、ive clothing or protective en-sembles that show no liquid penetration during this test methodwill still fail to protect wearers against specific liquids due tothe material degradation, penetration, or permeation or theeffects associated with the vapors of liquid chemicals.5.12 In some cases protecti
46、ve clothing or protective en-sembles that show no liquid penetration during this test methodwill fail to protect wearers in specific circumstances as, forexample, deluge or immersion.6. Apparatus6.1 Human-Form Manikin,4Use a human-form manikin fortesting the protective clothing or protective ensembl
47、e. Thepreferred manikin is sized to meet the dimensions provided inTable 1 and as described in Fig. 1. This preferred manikin alsohas articulation at the shoulders, elbows, hips, and knees asshown in the example manikin presented in Fig. 2. Character-istics of the preferred manikin include a removab
48、le, non-rotating head, removable pliable hands, and removable feetwith a water-resistant coating that is shown to limit surfactanttreated liquid absorption in the manikin skin.6.1.1 The use of an alternative manikin is permitted. If analternative manikin is used, report the use of a differentmanikin
49、 in terms of manikin dimensions provided in Table 1.6.1.2 Unless otherwise specified, the manikin is positionedso that the manikin body is in a full vertical orientation with themanikin head looking forward, manikin legs straight, andmanikin arms pointing downward by the sides of the manikintorso.4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Rubens Display World, 1482 E. Francis Street, Ontario, CA, 91761. If you areaware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Interna-tional Headquarters. Your comments will
