1、Designation: F 1359 99a (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forLiquid Penetration Resistance of Protective Clothing orProtective Ensembles Under a Shower Spray While on aMannequin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1359; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、 the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONPersonnel in industry and emergency response c
3、an be exposed to numerous chemicals capable ofcausing harm upon contact with the human body. The deleterious effects of these chemicals can rangefrom acute trauma such as skin irritation and burn, to chronic degenerative disease such as cancer.Since engineering controls cannot eliminate all possible
4、 exposures, attention is often placed onreducing the potential for direct skin contact through the use of protective clothing.Protective clothing is available in a variety of constructions, configurations and materials, and isdesigned to provide various levels of protection against many hazards. Pro
5、tective clothing offering thehighest level of chemical protection is constructed to prevent any contact of solid, liquid, or gaseouschemicals with the wearer. Test Method F 1052 evaluates the integrity and construction of the vaporprotective ensembles by way of an internal pressure test. In some app
6、lications, chemical protectiveclothing need only isolate the wearer from splashes of liquids. This test method evaluates the integrityof the construction and configuration of liquid-penetration-resistant protective clothing or protectiveensembles with a shower-spray test.Resistance of materials used
7、 in protective clothing to chemical permeation should be evaluated byTest Method F 739 for continuous contact and Test Method F 1383 for intermittent contact (that is,splash), or by Test Method F 1407 using the permeation cup method. Resistance of protective clothingmaterials to liquid penetration s
8、hould be determined by Test Method F 903.Physical properties of materials used in the construction of protective clothing can be determinedusing a variety of test methods including, Test Methods D 751 for dimensions, weight, breakingstrength, elongation, burst, tear resistance, and hydrostatic resis
9、tance; Test Method D 2582 forpuncture propagation tear resistance; Test Method D 4157 for abrasion resistance; Test Method F 392for flexural fatigue; Test Method F 1358 for flammability, as well as many others.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the ability of protectiveclothing or protective ense
10、mbles to resist liquid penetration inthe form of a shower spray with surfactant-treated water.1.2 This test method measures the liquid penetration resis-tance of the construction and configuration of the overallprotective clothing or protective ensemble, but especially ofseams, closures, and interfa
11、ces with other components such asgloves, boots, hoods, and respiratory protective equipment. It isintended that this test method be used to assess the liquidpenetration resistance of protective clothing and protectiveensembles as received from the manufacturer and worn inaccordance with their instru
12、ctions.1.3 Resistance of materials used in protective clothing topermeation or penetration can be determined in accordancewith Test Methods F 739 and F 903, respectively.1.4 The integrity of vapor protective ensembles is measuredby its ability to maintain positive internal pressure with TestMethod F
13、 1052.1.5 The values in SI units or in other units shall be regardedseparately as standard. The values stated in each system mustbe used independently of the other, without combining valuesin any way.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 onProtective Clothing and is the d
14、irect responsibility of Subcommittee F23.30 onChemicals.Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 1359 - 99a.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
15、United States.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2
16、. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsD 2582 Test Method for Puncture-Propagation Tear Resis-tance of Plastic Film and Thin SheetingD 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of TextileFabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)F 392 Test Method for Flex Durability
17、 of Flexible BarrierMaterialsF 739 Test Method for Resistance of Protective ClothingMaterials to Permeation by Liquids or Gases Under Con-ditions of Continuous ContactF 903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used inProtective Clothing to Penetration by LiquidsF 1052 Practice for Pressure Testin
18、g of Gas-Tight TotallyEncapsulating Chemical Protective SuitsF 1358 Test Method for Effects of Flame Impingement onMaterials Used in Protective Clothing Not DesignatedPrimarily for Flame ResistanceF 1383 Test Method for Resistance of Protective ClothingMaterials to Permeation by Liquids or Gases Und
19、er Con-ditions of Intermittent ContactF 1407 Test Method for Resistance of Chemical ProtectiveClothing Materials to Liquid PermeationPermeation CupMethod3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 liquid splash protective clothing, nprotective cloth-ing used to protect the wearer from liquid splashes of che
20、mi-cals.3.1.2 liquid splash protective ensemble, nprotective en-semble used to protect the wearer from liquid splashes ofchemicals.3.1.3 penetration, nfor chemical-resistant clothing, in aprotective clothing material or item, the process by which asolid, liquid, or gas moves through closures, seams,
21、 interstices,and pinholes or other imperfections on a non-molecular level.3.1.4 permeation, nthe process by which a chemicalmoves through a protective clothing material on a molecularlevel.3.1.4.1 DiscussionPermeation involves the following: (1)sorption of molecules of the chemical into the contacte
22、d(challenge side) surface of the material, (2) diffusion of thesorbed molecules in the material, and (3) desorption of themolecules from the opposite (collection side) surface of thematerial.3.1.5 protective clothing, napparel used for the purpose ofisolating parts of the body from contact with a po
23、tential hazard.3.1.6 protective ensemble, nthe combination of protectiveclothing with respiratory protective equipment, hoods, helmets,gloves, boots, communication systems, cooling devices, andother accessories intended to protect the wearer from apotential hazard when worn together.3.1.6.1 Discussi
24、onFor evaluating liquid penetration resis-tance, the protective ensemble includes only those clothingitems or accessories which are necessary to provide resistanceto liquid penetration.3.1.7 vapor protective ensemble, na chemical protectiveensemble used to protect the wearer from chemical liquids,va
25、pors, and gases.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test specimen (protective clothing or protective en-semble) is placed on a mannequin that is already dressed in aliquid-absorptive garment covering portions of the mannequinform that are of interest.4.2 Water, treated to achieve a surface tension of0.03
26、2 6 0.002 N/m (32 6 2 dynes/cm) is sprayed at the testspecimen from five nozzles positioned in a specific configura-tion with respect to the specimen. The specimen is exposed tothe liquid spray for a period of 15 min in each of four specimenorientations.4.3 Liquid penetration resistance is determine
27、d by the ab-sence of liquid inside the specimen or on the inner liquid-absorptive garment.4.4 The test specimen is rated as passing if liquid does notpenetrate and as failing if liquid does penetrate.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method evaluates the ability of the constructionand configurati
28、on of protective clothing or protective en-sembles to resist liquid penetration. In most cases, the condi-tions used in this test method will not represent actual end-useconditions.5.2 The one-hour duration of the test is not intended tosimulate user exposure to splashes of liquid chemical but rathe
29、rto provide sufficient time for enough liquid to penetrate tomake visual detection easier.5.3 A nontoxic, non-foaming surfactant is added to waterfor this test method to simulate liquids of lower surfacetensions. Liquids of specific interest can be simulated bytreating water to achieve an equivalent
30、 surface tension.5.4 For protective clothing with water-repellent surfaces,the lower surface tension liquid will aid in the evaluation of theconstruction and configuration of the garment because it is notrepelled but wets the protective clothing. This is especiallyuseful for reusable garments whose
31、water-repellent surfaceinterferes with the evaluation of their construction and con-figuration when new, but is diminished after wearing andwashing.5.5 Fluorescent or colored dyes may be added to the waterto enhance detection of liquid penetration into the protectiveclothing or protective ensemble.5
32、.6 This test method can be used by both manufacturers andend users to assess liquid penetration resistance. Manufacturers2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refe
33、r to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.F 1359 99a (2004)2can use this test method to evaluate quality of construction andeffectiveness of clothing and ensemble configurations.5.7 The clothing or ensemble shall be sized to fit themannequin. It is important that the clothing fit t
34、he mannequinwell since detection of liquid penetration requires as muchcontact as possible between the clothing or ensemble and theinner liquid-absorptive garment.5.8 Results on a mismatched size of clothing or ensembleshall not be used to generalize about a particular constructionor configuration.
35、Mannequin fit potentially affects liquid pen-etration resistance determinations.5.9 There is no known limit to the kind of protectiveclothing or protective ensembles that can be evaluated with thistest method.5.10 In some cases protective clothing or protective en-sembles that show no liquid penetra
36、tion during this test methodwill still fail to protect wearers against specific chemicals dueto the material degradation, penetration, or permeation or thetoxicity associated with the vapor of liquid chemicals.5.11 In some cases protective clothing or protective en-sembles that show no liquid penetr
37、ation during this test methodwill still fail to protect wearers in specific circumstances as, forexample, deluge or immersion.6. Apparatus6.1 Human-Form Mannequin, an appropriately sizedhuman-form mannequin shall be selected for testing theprotective clothing or protective ensemble. The selected man
38、-nequin should provide as much contact with the protectiveclothing or protective ensemble as possible. The mannequinshall have a water-resistant coating. The mannequin shall havestraight arms and legs with the arms at the mannequins sides.6.2 Liquid-Absorptive Inner GarmentAn inner garmentshall cove
39、r all areas of the mannequin that are of interest as anaid to observe liquid penetration. The inner garment shall beconstructed of fabric that is finish free and that is easilywatermarked. Select an inner garment that contacts the testgarment as closely as possible. Users of this test method mayalso
40、 use more sophisticated equipment for detecting liquidpenetration.6.3 Shower SystemThe shower system shall consist offive low-flow shower head nozzles, and a pressurized liquidsupply. The five nozzles shall be oriented with respect to themannequin as specified in Fig. 1. The nozzles shall conform to
41、the specifications given in Fig. 2.3The pressurized liquidsupply shall be delivered at 3.0 6 0.2 L/min 48 6 3 gal/hthrough each nozzle.6.4 Stopwatch, or other appropriate timing device.7. Precautions7.1 Conduct the test method in an area designed to collectliquid runoff.7.2 Keep unprotected observer
42、s from being exposed to thetest liquid.7.3 After testing, and before returning the specimen toservice or storage, ensure the following:7.3.1 The specimen is dry,7.3.2 The specimen is clean, and7.3.3 All parts are positioned correctly and secured tightly.3Type #SSW1C nozzles meet this requirement. Av
43、ailable from Whedin Prod-ucts, Inc., West Hartford, CT 06107.FIG. 1 Positions of Shower NozzlesNOTEAll dimensions are in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm).FIG. 2 Shower Nozzle SpecificationsF 1359 99a (2004)38. Specimen Preparation8.1 Protective clothing or protective ensemble components,shall be tested as r
44、eceived and in accordance with the manu-facturers instructions. Duct tape or other nonuniform methodsfor closing or sealing, or both, interfaces shall not be used.8.2 Parts of the protective clothing or protective ensemblethat are not to be tested shall be suitably blocked off to preventliquid from
45、penetrating those areas. For example, in the case ofensembles without gloves, block off the outer end of thesleeves with waterproof tape or some other sealant to preventliquid penetration at the hands.9. Procedure9.1 Prior to each test, inspect the liquid-absorptive innergarment and protective cloth
46、ing or protective ensemble (andother ensemble components and equipment to be tested) fortotal dryness before using.9.2 Put the liquid-absorptive inner garment on the manne-quin. The inner garment shall cover all areas of the mannequinthat are of interest.9.3 Put the protective clothing or protective
47、 ensemble to betested over the inner garment on the mannequin in accordancewith the manufacturers instructions. Place and attach addi-tional ensemble components and equipment on the mannequinin accordance with the manufacturers directions.9.4 Block off from exposure to the liquid spray any areas oft
48、he mannequin or protective clothing or protective ensemblenot being evaluated. For example, tie or tape a plastic bag overthe mannequins head. Ties or tape, or both, shall not extendmore than 2.5 cm 1 in. past the edge of the protective clothingor protective ensemble.9.5 Add a sufficient amount of a
49、 nontoxic, non-foamingsurfactant to the water supply to achieve a surface tension of0.032 6 0.002 N/m (32 6 2 dynes/cm).49.6 Expose the suited mannequin to the liquid spray for aperiod of 60 min, 15 min in each of four orientations shown inFig. 3. Spray liquid at the rate of 3.0 6 0.2 L/min 48 6 3gal/h through each nozzle simultaneously. Ensure that eachnozzle is not partly plugged or closed at the start of each test.9.7 At the end of the liquid spray period, remove excessliquid from the surface of the test garment. Paper toweling isone method that works well.
