1、Designation: F1407 12 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Test Method forResistance of Chemical Protective Clothing Materials toLiquid PermeationPermeation Cup Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONWorkers involved in the production, use, and transportation of chemicals
3、can be exposed tonumerous compounds capable of causing harm upon contact with the human body. The deleteriouseffects of these chemicals can range from acute trauma, such as dermatitis or burns, to chronicdegenerative disease, such as cancer or pulmonary fibrosis. Since engineering controls may notel
4、iminate all possible exposures, attention is often given to reducing the potential for direct skincontact through the use of protective clothing that resists degradation, penetration, and permeation.This test method provides a simple, gravimetric means for measuring the resistance of clothingmateria
5、ls to permeation by liquid chemicals. Permeation testing by a more sophisticated procedure andpenetration testing are addressed by separate methods: Test Methods F739 and F903, respectively. TestMethods for measuring the effects of chemicals on the physical properties of rubbers, plastics, andcoated
6、 fabrics may be found in Test Method D471, Practices D543, and Test Methods D751,respectively. Guide F1001 designates 21 chemicals for use with these tests.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the barrier effectiveness of aspecimen of protective clothing upon continuous contact witha liquid.1.1.1 P
7、rocedure AFor use when a value for the cumulativeamount of chemical permeated in1hisdesired.1.1.2 Procedure BFor use when breakthrough detectiontime and permeation rate values are desired.1.2 Although not addressed herein, the effect of the testchemical on the clothing material can be determined byc
8、omparing the weight or other physical properties of thespecimen before and after the permeation test.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not co
9、nsidered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u
10、se. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendatio
11、ns issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics toChemical ReagentsD751 Test Methods for Coated FabricsE105 Pr
12、actice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsF739 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions ofContinuous ContactF903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used inProtective Clothing to Penetration by LiquidsF1001 Guide for Selection of Che
13、micals to Evaluate Protec-tive Clothing Materials1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.30 on Chemicals.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published June 2017. Originallyapp
14、roved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F1407 12. DOI:10.1520/F1407-12R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Su
15、mmary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principl
16、es for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.2 Federal Standard:No. 191, Method 5030.2 Measurement of the Thickness ofMaterials33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 breakthrough detec
17、tion time, nthe elapsed time mea-sured from the initial exposure to the test chemical to thesampling time that immediately precedes the sampling time atwhich the test chemical is first detected.3.1.1.1 DiscussionIn this method, the sampling time is thetime of weighing.3.1.2 cumulative permeation, nt
18、he total mass of chemicalthat permeates a specific area of the protective clothingmaterial during a specified time from when the material is firstcontacted by the test chemical.3.1.3 degradation, na deleterious change in one or moreproperties of a material.3.1.4 penetration, nfor chemical protective
19、 clothing, themovement of substances through voids in protective clothingmaterials or item on a non-molecular level.3.1.4.1 DiscussionVoids include gaps, pores, holes, andimperfections in closures, seams, interfaces, and protectiveclothing materials. Penetration does not require a change ofstate; so
20、lid chemicals move through voids in the material assolids, liquids as liquids, and gases as gases. Penetration is adistinctly different mechanism from permeation.3.1.5 permeation, nfor chemical protective clothing, themovement of chemicals as molecules through protective cloth-ing materials items by
21、 the processes of: (1) absorption of thechemical into the contact surface of the material, (2) diffusionof the absorbed molecules throughout the material, and (3)desorption of the chemical from the opposite surface of thematerial.3.1.5.1 DiscussionPermeation is a distinctly differentmechanism from p
22、enetration.3.1.6 protective clothing, nitem of clothing that is specifi-cally designed and constructed for the intended purpose ofisolating all or part of the body from a potential hazard; or,isolating the external environment from contamination by thewearer of the clothing.3.1.7 steady-state permea
23、tion rate, na constant rate ofpermeation that occurs after breakthrough when all forcesaffecting permeation have reached equilibrium.3.1.8 test chemical, nthe solid, liquid, gas, or mixturethereof used to evaluate the performance of a protectiveclothing material.3.1.8.1 DiscussionIn this test method
24、, the test chemical isa liquid and can be either one component (that is, a neat liquid)or have several components (that is, a mixture).3.1.9 time interval, nthe time between weighings of thepermeation cup.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The resistance of a protective clothing material topermeation by a
25、 test chemical is assessed by measuring thecumulative permeation, breakthrough detection time, and per-meation rate through replicate specimens of the material.4.2 A clothing material specimen is secured over the mouthof a shallow cup that holds the test chemical. The normallyoutside surface of the
26、material faces the chemical; the otherside is open to the atmosphere. See Fig. 1.4.3 The cup assembly is weighed, inverted, and reweighedat predetermined time intervals to determine the amount ofchemical that permeates the material and subsequently evapo-rates to the atmosphere.4.4 Based on the amou
27、nt of chemical lost from the cupduring the exposure period, the breakthrough detection time,permeation rate, and cumulative mass of chemical permeatingthe clothing material are calculated.4.5 Detection of permeation requires sufficient volatility ofthe test chemical, and the appropriate combination
28、of analyticalbalance and weighing interval.4.5.1 See Section 10 for volatility test.4.5.2 The likelihood of detecting chemical permeation in-creases as (1) the sensitivity of the balance is increased, and (2)the time between weighings and the length of the test areincreased.4.6 In extreme cases the
29、chemical could so severely degradethe clothing material that the chemical will drip or otherwiseflow from the inverted cup.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure forrapidly (in1horless) determining the chemical resistance ofspecimens of protective clothing mater
30、ials. This test methodcan be used to rank materials as to their suitability for use withliquids of known or unknown composition.5.2 The breakthrough detection time, permeation rate, orcumulative permeation can be used to identify protectiveclothing materials that are more likely to limit potentialex
31、posures to chemicals. Longer breakthrough detection timesand lower cumulative amounts permeated and permeation ratesare characteristics of materials that are better barriers to the testchemical.3Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philade
32、lphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.NOTE 1Dimensions in centimetres.FIG. 1 ASTM Permeation CupF1407 12 (2017)25.3 In general this test method is less sensitive than TestMethod F739 coupled with sensitive analytical procedures. Incases where the chemical of concern is highly toxic and con
33、tactof even a very small amount with the skin may be detrimentalto health, the permeation cup method is not recommended. UseTest Method F739.5.4 Upon permeating the clothing material, the chemicalmust evaporate in order for a weight loss to occur andpermeation to be detected. Consequently, the test
34、method maynot be applicable for chemicals having low volatility (that is,vapor pressure). The vapor pressure below which this testmethod is not applicable has not been determined.5.4.1 A procedure for assessing volatility is described inSection 10.5.5 The results of this test method are highly depen
35、dent onthe test temperature. If the objective is to compare differentclothing materials, all tests shall be conducted at the sametemperature (63 C).6. Apparatus6.1 Thickness Gauge, suitable for measuring thickness tothe nearest 0.02 mm (0.001 in.), as specified in Fed. Std. No.191, Method 5030.2, sh
36、all be used to determine the thicknessof each material specimen tested.6.2 Analytical Balance, readable and reproducible to at least61 mg, is required for measuring the weight loss of thepermeation cup. The capacity of the balance should be at least50 g more than the weight of an empty permeation cu
37、p.6.3 Permeation Cup, shown in Fig. 1, is constructed ofmetal (aluminum is recommended) and is composed of the cup,O-ring (PTFE is recommended), retaining ring (aluminum isrecommended), and six fasteners (stainless steel is recom-mended) for securing the retaining ring to the cup. The circularopenin
38、g in the retaining ring has a diameter of 7.8 6 0.05 cm,corresponding to an area of 47.8 cm2.6.3.1 Materials other than aluminum may be used in theconstruction of the permeation cup. Such materials may bedesirable for tests involving chemicals which are incompatiblewith aluminum (for example, acids)
39、.6.3.2 A chemically resistant coating may be applied to thepermeation cup to increase its range of chemical compatibility.Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been used successfully as acoating.6.3.3 In place of the O-ring, either the cup or the retainingring may be machined such that a seal is achiev
40、ed when theretaining ring is fastened to the cup.6.3.4 The volume available for the test liquid is approxi-mately 80 mL, although this amount of chemical is notrequired nor recommended for performing the test.6.4 Torquing Device, to seal the retaining ring to the cup.6.5 Lubricant, to prevent gallin
41、g between the fasteners andthe cup.7. Safety Precautions7.1 Before carrying out this test method, safety precautionsrecommended for handling any potentially hazardous chemicalshould be identified and reviewed to provide full protection toall personnel.7.1.1 For carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic,
42、and othertoxic (poisonous) chemicals, the work area should be isolated,well ventilated, and meticulously clean. Involved personnelshould be outfitted with appropriate protective clothing andequipment.7.1.2 For corrosive or otherwise hazardous chemicals, in-volved personnel should, at a minimum, be o
43、utfitted withprotective clothing and equipment.7.2 Provisions should be made for handling spills of the testchemical or splashes to the eyes or skin.7.3 Appropriate procedures for the disposal of chemicalsshould be followed.7.4 The test should be performed in a laboratory fume hoodor outdoors.NOTE 1
44、In order to obtain stable readings from the analytical balance,it may be necessary to shield the balance or at least its pan from aircurrents.8. Test Specimen8.1 A protective clothing material specimen may consist ofeither a single layer or a composite of multiple layers that isrepresentative of an
45、actual protective clothing constructionwith all layers arranged in proper order. In each test, thespecimens normally outer surface shall contact the test chemi-cal.8.1.1 If, in a proposed design of an article of protectiveclothing, different materials or thicknesses of materials arespecified at diff
46、erent locations, specimens from each locationshall be tested.8.1.2 If, in a proposed design of an article of protectiveclothing, seams are specified, additional specimens containingsuch seams shall be tested. Care must be taken to ensure thatthe permeation cup can be properly sealed when specimens o
47、fnonuniform thickness are tested.8.2 Each material specimen shall have a diameter at least5 mm greater than the outside diameter of the O-ring or sealingmechanism.8.3 A minimum of three specimens shall be tested for eachmaterial, composite, area (in the case of a heterogeneousdesign), or other condi
48、tion. Random specimens may be gener-ated as described in Practice E1059. Conditioning9.1 No conditioning of the test specimen is required.10. Volatility Test10.1 Weight loss from the cup is the result of chemicaldiffusion to and evaporation from the surface of the clothingspecimen that faces the air
49、. If the volatility of the chemical istoo low, the diffusing chemical will not evaporate from thissurface of the specimen as rapidly as it arrives there. In theF1407 12 (2017)3extreme case, there might be no weight loss even though thechemical has diffused through the specimen.10.2 Evaporation rate increases with temperature.10.3 Detection of evaporation is dependent on the sensitiv-ity of the balance and the surface area available for evapora-tion.10.4 To determine whether the volatility of the test chemicalis sufficient for the permeation cup method to be a
