1、Designation: F1413 07 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Guide forOil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment: Boom andNozzle Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1413; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers design criteria, requirements, materialcharacteristics, and essential features for oil s
3、pill dispersantapplication systems. This guide is not intended to be restrictiveto a specific configuration.1.2 This guide covers spray systems employing booms andnozzles and is not fully applicable to other systems such as firemonitors, sonic distributors, or fan-spray guns.1.3 This guide covers sy
4、stems for use on ships or boats andhelicopters or airplanes.1.4 This guide is one of four related to dispersant applica-tion systems using booms and nozzles. One is on design, oneon calibration, one on deposition measurements, and one on theuse of the systems. Familiarity with all four guides is rec
5、om-mended.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Re
6、ferenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1460 Practice for Calibrating Oil Spill Dispersant Applica-tion Equipment Boom and Nozzle SystemsF1738 Test Method for Determination of Deposition ofAerially Applied Oil Spill Dispersants3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide will enable design of oil spill disp
7、ersantapplication equipment using boom and nozzle systems andensure a desired dosage and uniformity across the swath width.3.2 This guide provides information for designing andspecifying dispersant spray application equipment to obtainoptimal application rates. These include specifications forminimu
8、m equipment performance, equations for estimatingoperational parameters, material considerations, and a list ofinformation to be provided to the equipment purchaser.4. Equipment Description4.1 GeneralOil spill dispersant spray systems include oneor more booms with nozzles to form droplets, a pumping
9、 orpressure system to deliver dispersants to the boom, andassociated piping and valving. All systems shall include adispersant flow meter and a pressure gauge. All systems shallbe equipped with provision for cleaning and drainage.4.2 Ship/BoatEach boom holding nozzles shall be de-signed to be mounte
10、d near the bow of the vessel so that thespray is uniformly deposited on the slick surface. Spray unitscan be portable or fixed. Flow correction or straightenerdevices, to ensure laminar flow, shall precede the nozzles.System components should be designed to give a uniformdroplet spray as described i
11、n this guide. The spray patternshould be flat and strike the water in a line perpendicular to thevessels line of travel. The nozzle spray angle should be suchthat spray from adjacent nozzles overlap just above the water.4.3 AirplanesMounting of spray booms on aircraft issubject to federal regulation
12、. Each installation or modificationrequires approval.4.3.1 Nozzles may not be necessary on aircraft flying atspeeds greater than 220 km/h (120 knots or 135 mph) becausethe wind shear alone can produce the required droplet sizes.Pressure-activated check valves must be used to eliminatedrainage during
13、 nonspraying transits. In order to minimize theeffects of wind shear, nozzles should be oriented aft (180 fromthe direction of flight).4.4 HelicoptersSystems may consist of spray booms withnozzles and pump/tank assemblies directly attached to thehelicopter or a bucket system slung below the helicopt
14、er.4.4.1 The bucket system consists of a tank and pumpassembly to which spray booms with nozzles are attached. Theassembly is supported from the helicopter by a cable systemand is remotely-controlled from the helicopter cabin. An1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardou
15、sSubstances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published July 2013. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1413 07. DOI:10.1520/F1413-07R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, v
16、isit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
17、2959. United States1indication of dispersant flow is required in the helicoptercockpit. The bucket must be stabilized against rotation, yaw,and sway.5. Minimum Equipment Performance Specifications5.1 Target DosageOil spill dispersant spray equipmentshall provide a dispersant dosage of between 20 to
18、100 L perhectare (2 to 10 U.S. gal per acre).5.2 Droplet Size DistributionThe droplet size distributionof the dispersant reaching the target shall have a VolumeMedian Diameter (VMD) of 300 to 500 m. The volumemedian diameter is a means of expressing droplet size in termsof the volume of liquid spray
19、ed. The median volume diameterdroplet size, when measured in terms of volume, is a valuewhere 50 % of the total volume of liquid sprayed is made up ofdroplets with diameters larger than the median value and 50 %smaller than the median value. Droplets having diameterslesser than approximately 300 m h
20、ave a lower probability ofhitting the target because of excessive wind drift. Particles withdiameters greater than 500 m have a high probability ofpenetrating through the oil slick to the water surface. Dropletsize distribution may be measured using Test Method F1738.5.3 Maximum Delivery Variation O
21、ver Swath WidthTheequipment shall be capable of delivering dispersant with amaximum delivery variance of 10 % over the swath width. Theswath width is defined as the length between the points atwhich the delivery drops below 90 % of the design.6. Equipment Design6.1 Dispersant Injection RateThe dispe
22、rsant injection rate(for undiluted or neat application, the dispersant injection rateis equal to the pump rate) must be sufficient to produce therequired dosage.6.1.1 Dispersant injection rate (DIR ) should be verifiedusing the following Eqs:DIR 5 1.67 31023SWD (1)where:DIR = dispersant injection ra
23、te in L/min,S = speed of the delivery vehicle in km/h,W = swath width in m, andD = dosage in L/ha.Or equivalently in U.S. units:DIR 5 2.33 31023SWD (2)where:DIR = dispersant injection rate in U.S. gal/min (USGPM),S = speed of the delivery vehicle in knots (if speed is inmiles per hour multiply by 0.
24、87),W = swath width in ft, andD = dosage in U.S. gal per acre (USGPA).6.2 Droplet SizeShear is the controlling factor in deter-mining droplet size. High shear rates result in small dropletsizes. For dispersant application, a small droplet size is notdesirable, because the dispersant can drift away f
25、rom the oilslicks. Large droplet sizes are also undesirable because largedroplets can penetrate the oil slick. Experience has shown thata droplet size between 300 to 700 m VMD is most effective.Shear has two components, nozzle shear rate and air shear. Airshear is only important for aircraft flying
26、at speeds greater than150 km/h (80 knots or 100 mph).6.2.1 Nozzle Shear RateIn order to achieve the desireddroplet size, nozzle shear rate should not exceed 10 000reciprocal seconds (s1) for aircraft systems and 2000 recipro-cal seconds for ship or boat systems. Nozzle shear can becalculated using t
27、he following Eqs:SR 5 16.7FN/d3(3)where:SR = shear rate in reciprocal seconds (s1),FN = average flow rate per nozzle in L/min (calculatedfrom total flow (dispersant and water) divided by thenumber of nozzles), andd = the diameter of the nozzle orifice in cm.Or equivalently in U.S. units:SR 5 3.85FN/
28、d3(4)where:SR = shear rate in reciprocal seconds (s1),FN = average flow rate per nozzle in gal/min (USGPM)(calculated from total flow (dispersant and water)divided by the number of nozzles), andd = the diameter of the nozzle orifice in inches (in.).6.2.2 Air ShearIn addition to the nozzle shear rate
29、 calcu-lations shown, aircraft dispersant application systems shouldbe designed to optimize droplet size distribution by minimizingthe differential between the speed of the aircraft and thedispersant exit speed. Differential speed should be less than 60m/s (200 ft/s) in order to ensure close to 100
30、% depositionwithin the swath width.6.2.2.1 Differential speed shall be verified using the follow-ing Eqs:SD 5 SA 2 0.212FN/d2! (5)where:SD = the differential speed in m/s,SA = the aircraft speed in m/s (for speed in km/h multiplyby 0.28),FN = the average flow rate per nozzle in L/min, andd = the noz
31、zle orifice diameter in cm.Or equivalently in U.S. units:SD 5 SA 2 0.409FN/d2! (6)where:SD = the differential speed in ft/s,SA = the aircraft speed in ft/s (multiply knots by 1.69 to getft/s),FN = the average flow rate per nozzle in gal/min (USGPM),andd = the nozzle orifice diameter in inches (in.).
32、7. Material Characteristics7.1 Corrosion ResistanceMaterials on ship or boat sys-tems should be corrosion-resistant to salt water. All materialsthat come into contact with dispersants should be compatibleF1413 07 (2013)2with that dispersant. Special attention should be given to pumpcomponents. Consu
33、ltation with the dispersant manufacturer isrecommended.7.2 Extreme Temperature Properties Systems to be usedor stored at extreme temperatures should be constructed ofmaterials that are not adversely affected by those temperatures.Temperature range specifications should be clearly indicatedon the spr
34、ay equipment.8. Information Provided to User8.1 Performance data that shall be provided to the user bythe manufacturer include:8.1.1 Estimated or measured droplet size information(VMD in m),8.1.2 Volumetric output distribution over the swath width(%),8.1.3 A table of pump rates and dispersant inject
35、ion ratesranging from the recommended minimum to the recommendedmaximum,8.1.4 Nozzle shear rate,8.1.5 The nozzle design height for ship/boat systems,8.1.6 Swath width,8.1.7 Differential speeds for aircraft systems at variouspump settings and aircraft speeds, and8.1.8 Recommended operating pressures
36、at the inlet to theboom.8.2 Dosage ChartThe manufacturer shall supply the userwith a chart of dosages achievable with different applicationvehicle speeds and different dispersant injection rates. Thedosage chart may be prepared using Practice F1460.8.3 Accuracy of DataThe data shall be accurate to t
37、wosignificant figures.8.4 Materials of ConstructionThe supplier shall providethe user with a list of materials of construction.8.5 Nozzles and Pumps:8.5.1 The supplier shall provide full data on themanufacturer, model numbers, and dimensions of nozzlessupplied with the spray equipment.8.5.2 The supp
38、lier shall provide full data on themanufacturer, model number, and basic maintenance andoperational data on all major components of the spray equip-ment including pumps, eductors, flow meters, and engines.8.6 Operators ManualThe supplier shall provide a com-prehensive operators manual including diag
39、rams of the equip-ment layout.9. Keywords9.1 aerial spray; boom and nozzles; dispersant application;dispersant spray equipment; dispersants; oil spill chemicals; oilspill dispersants; oil spill treating agentsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted
40、in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the
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42、reful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Internatio
43、nal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F1413 07 (2013)3
