1、Designation: F1427 13Standard Consumer Safety Specification forBunk Beds1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis consumer safety specification addresses bunk bed accidents that were identified by the U.S.Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).The CPSC estimates
3、that in 1989, about 34 000 bunk bed-related injuries were treated in U.S.hospital emergency rooms, and about three fourths of those injured were under the age of 15. Mostof these injuries were minor and were associated with victims who fell from, bumped into, or jumpedfrom bunk beds. However, there
4、are other less-obvious potentially serious hazards associated withbunk beds. For example, from 1973 through November 1990, CPSC also received reports of 83 deathsof children less than 15 years of age involving bunk beds. Seventy-four incidents, including 17 deaths,involved children who reportedly be
5、came entrapped between the mattress and guardrail; 24 incidents,including five deaths, involved children who reportedly became entrapped either between the mattressand bed structure or in the bed end structure; and 18 incidents, including 16 deaths, involved youngchildren who reportedly became entra
6、pped between the bed and the wall. The CPSC also receivedreports of four deaths due to failure of the mattress support, 19 deaths due to falls from bunk beds,twelve deaths due to strangulation when a belt, rope, or clothing became caught on the bed structure,and ten deaths due to other or unknown ca
7、uses.1. Scope1.1 This consumer safety specification establishes minimumrequirements for the design and performance of bunk beds. Italso contains requirements for labeling and instructional ma-terial.1.2 This consumer safety specification is intended to mini-mize accidents to children resulting from
8、normal use andreasonably foreseeable misuse or abuse of bunk beds. Thisconsumer safety specification is written within the current stateof the art of bunk bed technology and does not address bunkbeds that are blatantly misused or are used in a careless mannerthat disregards warning statements and sa
9、fety instructionsprovided with each bunk bed.1.3 For the purpose of this consumer safety specification, abunk bed (hereinafter referred to as a bed) is defined as anystructure that includes at least one sleeping surface in which theunderside of any of its foundations is over 30 in. (762 mm)from the
10、floor.1.4 This consumer safety specification does not addressbunk beds for institutional use (for example, in prisons,military facilities, dormitories, and so forth).1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units, as well as anyspecified ISO/ANSI standard hardware, are to be regarded asthe standard. The
11、values given in parentheses are for informa-tion only.1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods portion, Section 5, of this specification: Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of t
12、he userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3359 Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape Test1This consumer safety specification is under the jurisd
13、iction of ASTM Commit-tee F15 on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF15.30 on Bunk Beds.Current edition approved March 15, 2013. Published April 2013. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1427 07. DOI:10.1520/F1427-13.2For referenced A
14、STM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh
15、ocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 Federal Standards:316 CFR Part 1303 Ban of Lead-Containing Paint and CertainConsumer Products Bearing Lead-Containing Paint16 CFR Part 1500 Hazardous Substances Act Regulations,including sections:1500.48 Technical Requirements for Determining a SharpPoint in T
16、oys and Other Articles Intended for Use byChildren Under 8 Years of Age1500.49 Technical Requirements for Determining a SharpMetal or Glass Edge in Toys and Other Articles Intendedfor Use by Children Under 8 Years of Age16 CFR Part 1501 Method for Identifying Toys and OtherArticles Intended for Use
17、by Children Under 3 Years ofAge Which Present Choking, Aspiration or IngestionHazards Because of Small Parts16 CFR Part 1632 Standard for the Flammability of Mat-tresses and Mattress Pads43. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 bed, nfor the purpose of this specificati
18、on, a bunkbed, as described in 3.1.5.3.1.2 bed end structure, nupright unit at the head and footof the bed, to which the side rails attach.3.1.3 bed post, nupright post at each corner of the bedstructure.3.1.4 bed structure, nfurniture parts assembled for thepurpose of providing a sleeping environme
19、nt.3.1.5 bunk bed, nany structure that includes at least onesleeping surface in which the underside of any of its founda-tions is over 30 in. (762 mm) from the floor.3.1.6 cap, ndevice used to plug holes in the top of thecorner post. (See Fig. 1.)3.1.6.1 DiscussionThe holes are used for corner poste
20、xtensions when a bunk bed is converted into single use beds.3.1.7 foundation, nof a bed, base or support for a mattress.3.1.7.1 DiscussionThe foundation may be independentfrom or incorporated with the sleeping surface.3.1.8 foundation support system, nof a bed, those compo-nents of the bed structure
21、 that support the foundation.3.1.9 guardrail, nof a bed, rail attached to each long sideof the bed to help prevent a sleeping occupant from rolling orsliding out of the bed.3.1.10 interior bed structure, ninterior faces of the siderails and bed end structures.3.1.11 mattress, nmanufactured product i
22、ntended to beslept on, consisting of various resilient materials covered withan outer ticking.3.1.12 side rail, nof a bed structure, rail attached to thebed end structures to which the foundation support system isfastened.3.1.13 vertical protrusion, nprojection which, at the edge,is vertical or near
23、 vertical to the inside adjacent surface alongthe top of the component. (See Fig. 2.)3.1.13.1 DiscussionVertical protrusions may be remov-able or permanent.4. Performance Requirements4.1 Vertical Protrusions:3Federal regulations 16 CFR Part 1303, 16 CFR Section 1500.48, 16 CFRSection 1500.49, 16 CFR
24、 Part 1501, and 16 CFR Part 1632 are in effect and areadministered by the CPSC. These federal regulations are not a part of this safetyspecification. This information is offered to all parties so that they know that thesefederal regulations must be adhered to outside the scope of this safety specifi
25、cation.Copies of the regulations may be obtained from The Office of the Secretary, U.S.Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207.4If beds are accompanied by mattresses.FIG. 1 Examples of CapsF1427 1324.1.1 All vertical protrusions along the top inside (Fig. 3)surfaces of any individua
26、l component (including but notlimited to bed end structures and guard rails) of the upper bunkshall not extend more than316 in. (5 mm) above the upper edgeof the adjacent surface. Ladder stiles (uprights) shall not extendmore than316 in. (5 mm) above the upper edge of the adjacentsurface.4.1.2 Any c
27、ap used along the top surface of the upper bunkshall not have a vertical protrusion greater than316 in. (5 mm)at the edge of the protrusion above the upper edge of theadjacent surface. If the cap is flush with or overhangs the edgeof the corner post or other vertical protrusion, the maximumvertical
28、protrusion shall not exceed316 in. (5 mm). The capshall have a maximum height of no more than 20 % of thewidth or diameter of the cap (Fig. 4). At no point shall the capoverhang the post more than116 in. (2 mm). The cap shall fitflush with the top of the corner post.4.2 Fit of Top Bed to Bottom BedT
29、he bed post shall bedesigned so that the minimum height of lift to allow horizontaldisengagement of the top bed from the bottom bed shall be 114in. (32 mm), or a fastening mechanism may be used that willprevent the disengagement of the top bed from the bottom bed.4.3 Mattress and Foundation Size and
30、 Fit (Top Bed)Thereshall be no gaps between the interior bed structure and theedges of the mattress and foundation that will permit completepassage of the wedge block shown in Fig. 5 when tested inaccordance with 5.2.4.4 Mattress Size and Fit (Lower Foundation)There shallbe no space, between the edg
31、e of the manufacturers recom-mended mattress and the interior boundary of any compo-nent(s) attached to lower bunk (for example, ladders, bookshelves, desk), greater than 1.88 in. (48 mm) and smaller than9 in. (230 mm), when tested in accordance with 5.3.4.5 Upper and Lower Foundation Support System
32、s:4.5.1 The foundation support systems shall confine thehorizontal position of the mattress and the foundation and shallprohibit the mattress and foundation from falling when themattress or foundation is manipulated.4.5.2 In the event cross-members are utilized, a minimum oftwo per bed are required.
33、 If more than two cross-members areutilized, they shall be spaced so that the distance betweenadjacent cross-members or between the cross-members and thebed end structures will not permit complete passage of thewedge block or will allow complete passage of both the wedgeblock and the 9 in. (230 mm)
34、diameter rigid sphere when testedin accordance with 5.9.FIG. 2 Examples of Vertical ProtrusionsFIG. 3 Vertical ProtrusionsF1427 1334.5.3 The foundation support system shall not be capable ofbeing dislodged without the release of positive fasteningdevices or the use of hand tools.4.5.4 The foundation
35、 support system shall not fail whentested in accordance with 5.4.4.6 Side Rails:4.6.1 Bolt-On Side Rails, that attach at their ends or on theirside to the bed post, shall be secured at each end by two boltswith a minimum size of14-in. (6-mm) diameter or ISO/ANSIsize M6. For wood beds, these bolts sh
36、all be spaced a minimumof 112 in. (38 mm) apart on their centers. When the bolts arefully tightened in the assembled bed, no more than14 in. (6mm) of thread shall be exposed.4.6.2 Hook-On Side Rails, securely attached to the bed post.Hook-on attachments shall require an additional action otherthan a
37、n upwards force to disengage.4.6.3 Side Rail AttachmentsThere shall be no structuralfailure of bed side rail fastening systems when tested inaccordance with 5.5.4.7 Guardrails:4.7.1 Two guardrails shall accompany any bed in which theunderside of the foundation is over 30 in. (762 mm) from thefloor.
38、Guardrails may be separate from or integral with theladder.4.7.2 Guardrails shall be attached in a manner that requiresthe intentional release of a fastening device or be so designedthat they cannot be removed unless forces are applied sequen-tially in different directions.4.7.3 The upper edge of th
39、e guardrails shall be at least 5 in.(130 mm) above the sleeping surface when a mattress of athickness that is the maximum specified by the manufacturersinstructions is used on the bed.4.7.4 With no mattress on the bed, there shall be noopenings in the rigid bed structure below the lower edge of anyo
40、pening of the guardrail that would permit complete passage ofthe wedge block shown in Fig. 5 when tested in accordancewith 5.6.4.7.5 Aguardrail may terminate before reaching the bed endstructure, providing there is no more than 15 in. (380 mm)between either end of the guardrail and the bed end struc
41、turesin the same plane when measured at a point 5 in. (127 mm)above the sleeping surface as established by the maximummattress thickness specified by the manufacturer. The secondguardrail may terminate before reaching the bed end structure.If this guardrail terminates before reaching the bed endstru
42、cture, there shall be no more than 0.22 in. (5.6 mm)between either end of the guardrail and the bed end structurewhen measured horizontally between the bed end structure andthe nearest point on the guardrail.4.8 Bed Structure:4.8.1 The upper edge of the upper bunk end structures for atleast 50 % of
43、the distance between the two posts at the headand foot of the upper bunk shall be at least 5 in. (130 mm)above the sleeping surface when a mattress and foundation ofthe maximum size and thickness specified by the manufactur-ers instructional literature is used on the upper bunk.4.8.2 There shall be
44、no openings in the rigid end structuresof the upper bunk/bunks that will permit the free passage of thewedge block shown in Fig. 5 when tested in accordance withFIG. 4 Cap HeightFIG. 5 Wedge Block for Tests in Section 5F1427 1345.7.1. This requirement shall apply only to those portions of thebed end
45、 structure that are above the foundation support systemof the upper bunk/bunks.4.8.3 When tested in accordance with 5.7.2, there shall beno openings within the entire boundary of the lower bunk thatwill permit free passage of the wedge block shown in Fig. 5,unless they are large enough to permit the
46、 free passage of a 9in. (230 mm) diameter rigid sphere. This requirement does notapply to openings that are below the level of the lower bunkfoundation support system. This requirement shall apply to thatportion of the bed structure that is between the level of thelower bunk foundation support syste
47、m and the level of theupper bunk foundation support system. Such openings include,but are not limited to, bed end structures, foundation, ladders,desks, or bookshelf components, or a combination thereof, asoffered with the bed for purchase and designed to be attachedto the bed structure.4.8.4 When t
48、ested in accordance with 5.7.2.3 and 5.7.2.4, allportions of the boundary of any opening of the entire lowerbunk boundary that permits free passage of a 9 in. (230 mm)diameter rigid sphere also must conform to the neck entrap-ment requirement.54.9 Ladders:4.9.1 A lean-on (slanted) or hang-on (vertic
49、al) ladder shallbe supplied with each bunk bed set or the ladder may beincorporated as part of the bed structure. The ladder may beseparate from or integral with the guardrail. The ladder shall beattached in a manner that prevents inadvertent disengagement,repositioning, or tilting while in use.4.9.2 There shall be no openings between ladder structuresthat allow complete passage of the wedge block shown in Fig.5, unless they are large enough to permit the free passage of the9 in. (230 mm) diameter rigid sphere. The width of the laddershall be no l
