1、Designation: F 1446 08An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forEquipment and Procedures Used in Evaluating thePerformance Characteristics of Protective Headgear1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yea
2、r oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.NoteSection 14 and Appendix X2 were added editorially and the year
3、 date was changed on April 9, 2008.INTRODUCTIONThese test methods specify equipment and procedures used for testing protective headgear.Individual ASTM performance standards (standard specifications) will use these procedures andequipment. Test conditions, pass-fail criteria, and other performance r
4、equirements will be specified inthe individual performance standards, tailored to the needs of a particular activity (for example,bicycling, skateboarding, skiing, etc.).These test methods were developed using resources in medical, scientific, mechanical engineering,human factors, and biomechanical
5、fields. However, it is recognized that it is not possible to write aprotective headgear performance standard that will result in headgear that can protect against injuryor death in all accidents. It is also recognized that serious injury or death can result from both low-and high-energy impacts, eve
6、n when protective headgear is worn.These test methods incorporate aspects of other recognized headgear performance standards. Theydraw from work done by others where appropriate for these test methods. These standards arereferenced within this standard test method. It should be noted that these test
7、 methods specifylaboratory tests of completed headgear to measure its ability to reduce head acceleration during useand other selected parameters.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover laboratory equipment, proce-dures, and basic requirements pertinent to testing protectiveheadgear. Deviations or addi
8、tions, or both, to these testmethods will be specified, as required, in individual ASTMperformance standards.1.2 RequirementsThe protective headgear is to be testedunder specified environmental conditions for the following:1.2.1 Impact attenuation (the limiting of head acceleration)of the protective
9、 headgear, and1.2.2 Strength and stability of the retention system and itsattachment to the protective headgear.1.2.3 Special tests for particular protective headgear useswill be specified in the individual performance standards to beused in conjunction with these test methods.1.3 This standard does
10、 not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Stand
11、ard:2E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodF 2220 Specification for Headforms2.2 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard:3218 S7.1.8 Motorcycle Helmets2.3 SAE Standard:4
12、SAE J211 Recommended Practice for Instrumentation for1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 onSports Equipment and Facilities and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF08.53 on Headgear and Helmets.Current edition approved April 9, 2008. Published May 2008. Orig
13、inallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F 1446 06.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onth
14、e ASTM website.3Available from National Highway Traffic SafetyAdministration (NHTSA), 4007th St., NW, Washington, DC 20590.4Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con
15、shohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Impact TestsRequirements for Channel Class 10003. Reference Table3.1 For references to these test methods, the standard termsfor reference are listed in bold type in Table 1 with the items toconsider for each method. For conditions and anvils, use thestandard
16、term listed in Table 1. Referring to section numbers inthese test methods is not the recommended method for refer-ence.4. Terminology4.1 basic plane, nan anatomical plane (Frankfort Hori-zontal Plane) that includes the superior rim of the externalauditory meatus (upper edge of the external openings
17、of theear) and the inferior margin of the orbit (the lowest point of thefloor of the eye socket). The headforms are marked with thebasic plane (see Figs. 1 and 2).4.2 coronal plane, nan anatomical plane perpendicular toboth the basic and midsagittal planes and passing through thesuperior rims of the
18、 right and left auditory meatuses. Thetransverse plane corresponds to the coronal plane (see Figs. 1and 2).4.3 field of vision, nangle of vision as measured on thereference headform (upward, downward, and peripheral).4.4 headform size selection, nhelmets shall be tested onthe appropriate test headfo
19、rm size(s), as determined by thetesting laboratory. Helmets shall be tested on the largest andsmallest size test headforms on which they fit. If a smaller sizeof the same model fits the smaller headform, the larger helmetwill be tested on the larger headform only. When multipleheadform sizes are req
20、uired, each test set of helmets willinclude at least one extent of coverage, vision test, retentiontest, and impact test on each specified headform size. “Fit”means that it is not physically difficult to put the helmet on thelarger headform and that the helmets comfort or fit-foam ispartially compre
21、ssed on the smaller headform.4.5 helmet, na protective device worn on the head in aneffort to reduce or minimize injury to that portion of the headthat is within an area above the test line (as defined in theindividual performance standards).4.6 helmet position index (HPI), nthe vertical distancefro
22、m the brow of the helmet to the basic plane, when thehelmet is placed on a reference headform. The manufacturershall specify the size of the headform and the vertical distance.4.7 midsagittal plane, nan anatomical plane perpendicu-lar to the basic plane and containing the midpoint of the lineconnect
23、ing the notches of the right and left inferior orbitalridges and the midpoint of the line connecting the superior rimsTABLE 1 Table for ReferenceTerms for Reference Section Items to Consider for Each MethodChin Bar Rigidity 12.9 Types defined: impact velocity, nominal drop heightConditioning Environ
24、ments 10 Types defined: ambient, low temperature, high temperature, waterimmersionConfiguration 12.2 Standard requirement definedDynamic Retention Test 12.7.1 Types defined: mass of drop weight, drop height, extension pass/failcriteriaHeadforms 7.1 Headforms to be used in all tests in Test Methods F
25、 1446Impact Anvil 7.3.1 Types defined: flat, hemispherical, cylindrical, triangular hazard,curbstoneImpact Attenuation Test 12.8 Types defined: number of impact sites, impact velocity andtheoretical drop height, and maximum peak g valueInternal Projections 12.5.1 Standard requirement definedLabeling
26、 12.4 Standard labeling requirements definedMaterials 12.3 Standard requirement definedPeripheral Vision 12.6.1 Standard method of pass/fail for horizontal vision definedReference Marking 12.1 Standard method of marking defined, define test linesReporting 13 Standard report format definedRoll-Off Te
27、st (Helmet Stability Test) 12.7.2 Types defined: mass of drop weight, drop height, standard methodof pass/fail definedSamples for Testing 8 Criteria to be considered in selecting number of samplesSelecting the Correct Headform 7.1.1 Method definedTest Schedule 11 Standard test schedule definedFIG. 1
28、 Anatomical PlanesF1446082of the right and left external auditory meatus. The longitudinalplane corresponds to the midsagittal plane (see Figs. 1 and 2).4.8 modular elastomer programmer (MEP), nacylindrical-shaped pad used as the impact surface for thespherical impactor.4.9 preload ballast, na “bean
29、-bag” filled with shot placedon the helmet to secure its position on the headform. Theweight of the preload ballast shall be 5.0 6 0.1 kg unlessotherwise specified in the individual performance specification.4.10 projection, nany part of a helmet, internal or exter-nal, that extends beyond the faire
30、d surface and is likely tocause injury.4.11 protective headgear, nsee helmet.4.12 reference headforms, nmeasuring headforms con-toured in the same configuration as the test headforms sizes A,E, J, M, or O, as defined in Specification F 2220. The referenceheadforms should include surface markings cor
31、responding tothe basic, coronal, midsagittal, and reference planes (see Figs.1 and 2).4.13 reference plane, na plane marked on the headformsat a specified distance above and parallel to the basic plane (seeFig. 3).4.14 retention system, nthe complete assembly that se-cures the helmet, in a stable po
32、sition, on the wearers head.4.15 shield, noptional equipment used in place of gogglesto protect the eyes.4.16 spherical impactor, na device made of low reso-nance material (for example, magnesium), aluminum alloy, orstainless steel that couples mechanically with the ball armconnector of the drop ass
33、embly in place of the impact testheadform. When mounted, the device presents a sphericallymachined impact face with a radius of 73 mm on its bottomsurface. All radii from the center of the curvature of the impactface to its outer edge shall from angles of no less than 40 withthe downward vertical ax
34、is. The center of curvature shall bewithin 5 mm of the vertical axis drawn through the center ofthe ball arm. The mass and center of gravity of the dropassembly including the impactor shall meet the same require-ments as those specified for the drop assembly incorporatedwith the test headforms (see
35、7.3.2).4.17 test area, nthe area of the helmet on or above aspecified test line, subject to impact or penetration testing.4.18 test headforms, ntest headforms that correspond tothe physical dimensions defined in Specification F 2220 assizes A, E, J, M, and O. The weight of the drop assemblyincluding
36、 the headform shall be 5.0 kg unless otherwisespecified in the individual performance specifications. The testheadforms should include surface markings corresponding tothe basic, coronal, midsagittal, and reference planes (see Fig.2).4.19 test line, na line drawn on the helmet as specified inthe ind
37、ividual performance standards.4.20 visor (peak), noptional equipment for protectionagainst sun or glare, and sometimes used as a rock or dirtdeflector.5. Significance and Use5.1 The purpose of these test methods is to provide reliableand repeatable tests for the evaluation of various types ofprotect
38、ive headgear. Use of these test methods in conjunctionwith the specific individual performance standards is intendedto reduce the likelihood of serious injury and death resultingfrom impacts to the head sustained by individuals participatingin sports, recreation, and other leisure activities in whic
39、hprotective headgear is worn.6. Certification6.1 These test methods permit self-certification. It is recom-mended that each manufacturer employ an independent testlaboratory at least annually to test each model and size ofprotective headgear.7. Apparatus7.1 Test Headforms:FIG. 2 Test HeadformBasic,
40、Reference, and Midsagittal PlanesFIG. 3 Location of Reference LineF14460837.1.1 GeneralThese test methods specify five headformsizes as identified in Specification F 2220 (A, E, J, M, and O)for performing reference measurements, impact, roll-off, dy-namic retention, penetration, and other tests requ
41、ired by theindividual performance specification standards.7.1.2 Impact HeadformsThese headforms shall be madeof K1A magnesium material and shall conform to the externaldimension requirements of each particular headform size, asspecified in Specification F 2220.7.1.3 Other HeadformsThese headforms sh
42、ould be madeof material of sufficient strength and stiffness to maintain theirgeometry during testing. They shall conform to the externaldimension requirements of each particular headform size, asspecified in Specification F 2220. Full-chin headforms will beused as necessary.7.2 Retention SystemThe
43、test apparatus for the roll-offand dynamic retention testing are shown in Figs. 4 and 5respectively. The mass of the drop weight and drop height arespecified in the individual performance specification standards.7.2.1 Roll-Off Cable and HookA flexible strap or cableand attaching hook connect the gui
44、de rod to the far edge of thehelmet. The flexible strap or cable shall be of a material havingan elongation of no more than 18 mm/m when loaded with1000 N. The cable and hook shall weigh less than 200 g.7.2.2 Roll-Off Test ApparatusThe test apparatus shall beused to apply a shock load to a helmet se
45、cured to the headformby its own retention system. The geometry of the test headformshall comply with the dimension of the full chin referenceheadforms. The headform shall be secured in a test fixture withFIG. 4 Typical Apparatus for Roll-off (Stability) TestFIG. 5 Typical Apparatus for Retention Sys
46、tem Strength andExtension TestF1446084its vertical axis pointing downward at 45 to the direction ofgravity (see Fig. 4). The test fixture shall permit rotation of theheadform about its vertical axis and include a means to lock theheadform in the face-up and face-down positions. The guiderod and hamm
47、er are similar to those in the dynamic retentionstrength test minus the simulated jawbone. This equipmentshall allow a drop weight to slide in a guided free fall to impacta rigid stop anvil. The guide shall weigh 0.9 to 1.4 kg.7.2.3 Dynamic Retention Test ApparatusThe retentionsystem test equipment
48、shall allow a drop weight to slide in aguided free fall to impact a rigid stop anvil (see Fig. 5). Thegeometry of the test headform shall comply with the dimensionof the reference headforms. The headform shall be secured ina test fixture with its vertical axis pointing upward in thedirection of grav
49、ity (see Fig. 5). The guide rod and hammershall consist of a simulate jawbone, guide rod with stop, dropweight, and position measuring system(s). The entire dynamictest apparatus hangs freely on the retention system. The entiremass of the support assembly, excluding drop weight, must be7kg6 5%.7.2.3.1 Simulated Jaw BoneThis stirrup shall consist oftwo metal bars that spin freely, each with a diameter of 12.5 60.5 mm, that have a center distance of 76.0 6 1 mm.7.3 Impact AttenuationThe impact attenuation test appa-ratus shall allow determination o
