1、Designation: F1446 15aF1446 15b An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forEquipment and Procedures Used in Evaluating thePerformance Characteristics of Protective Headgear1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1446; the number immediately following the designation indicate
2、s the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThese test methods specify equipment and proce
3、dures used for testing protective headgear.Individual ASTM performance standards (standard specifications) will use these procedures andequipment. Test conditions, pass-fail criteria, and other performance requirements will be specified inthe individual performance standards, tailored to the needs o
4、f a particular activity (for example,bicycling, skateboarding, skiing, etc.).These test methods were developed using resources in medical, scientific, mechanical engineering,human factors, and biomechanical fields. However, it is recognized that it is not possible to write aprotective headgear perfo
5、rmance standard that will result in headgear that can protect against injuryor death in all accidents. It is also recognized that serious injury or death can result from both low-and high-energy impacts, even when protective headgear is worn.These test methods incorporate aspects of other recognized
6、 headgear performance standards. Theydraw from work done by others where appropriate for these test methods. These standards arereferenced within this standard test method. It should be noted that these test methods specifylaboratory tests of completed headgear to measure its ability to reduce head
7、acceleration during useand other selected parameters.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover laboratory equipment, procedures, and basic requirements pertinent to testing protective headgear.Deviations or additions, or both, to these test methods will be specified, as required, in individual ASTM perfo
8、rmance standards.1.2 RequirementsThe protective headgear is to be tested under specified environmental conditions for the following:1.2.1 Impact attenuation (the limiting of head acceleration) of the protective headgear, and1.2.2 Strength and stability of the retention system and its attachment to t
9、he protective headgear.1.2.3 Special tests for particular protective headgear uses will be specified in the individual performance standards to be usedin conjunction with these test methods.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
10、is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard:2E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE691 Practi
11、ce for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodF2220 Specification for Headforms1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.53 o
12、n Headgear and Helmets.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015Nov. 1, 2015. Published January 2016. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2015 asF1446 15.F1446 15a. DOI: 10.1520/F1446-15A.10.1520/F1446-15B.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or
13、 contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have
14、been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official docum
15、ent.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard:3218 S7.1.8 Motorcycle Helmets2.3 SAE Standard:4SAE J211 Recommended Practice for Instrumentation for Impact TestsRequirements for Channel C
16、lass 10003. Reference Table3.1 For references to these test methods, the standard terms for reference are listed in bold type in Table 1 with the items toconsider for each method. For conditions and anvils, use the standard term listed in Table 1. Referring to section numbers in thesetest methods is
17、 not the recommended method for reference.4. Terminology4.1 Definitions:4.1.1 basic plane, nan anatomical plane (Frankfort Horizontal Plane) that includes the superior rim of the external auditorymeatus (upper edge of the external openings of the ear) and the inferior margin of the orbit (the lowest
18、 point of the floor of theeye socket).4.1.1.1 DiscussionThe headforms are marked with the basic plane (see Figs. 1 and 2).4.1.2 coronal plane, nan anatomical plane perpendicular to both the basic and midsagittal planes and passing through thesuperior rims of the right and left auditory meatuses.4.1.
19、2.1 DiscussionThe transverse plane corresponds to the coronal plane (see Figs. 1 and 2).4.1.3 field of vision, nangle of vision as measured on the reference headform (upward, downward, and peripheral).4.1.4 headform size selection, nhelmets shall be tested on the appropriate test headform size(s), a
20、s determined by the testinglaboratory. Helmets shall be tested on the largest and smallest size test headforms on which they fit. When multiple headform sizesare required, each test set of helmets will include at least one extent of coverage, vision test, retention test, and impact test on eachspeci
21、fied headform size. “Fit” means that it is not physically difficult to put the helmet on the larger headform and that the helmetscomfort or fit-foam is partially compressed on the smaller headform. For helmets equipped with adjustable fit systems, theheadform sizes are determined by the fit at the s
22、mallest and largest limits of the adjustment.3 Available from National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 400 7th St., NW, Washington, DC 20590.4 Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.TABLE 1 Table for ReferenceTerms for Ref
23、erence Section Items to Consider for Each MethodChin Bar Rigidity 12.9 Types defined: impact velocity, nominal drop heightConditioning Environments 10 Types defined: ambient, low temperature, high temperature, waterimmersionConfiguration 12.2 Standard requirement definedDynamic Retention Test 12.7.1
24、 Types defined: mass of drop weight, drop height, extension pass/failcriteriaHeadforms 7.1 Headforms to be used in all tests in Test Methods F1446Impact Anvil 7.3.1 Types defined: flat, hemispherical, cylindrical, triangular hazard, curb-stoneImpact Attenuation Test 12.8 Types defined: number of imp
25、act sites, impact velocity and theoreticaldrop height, and maximum peak g valueInternal Projections 12.5.1 Standard requirement definedLabeling 12.4 Standard labeling requirements definedMaterials 12.3 Standard requirement definedPeripheral Vision 12.6.1 Standard method of pass/fail for horizontal v
26、ision definedReference Marking 12.1 Standard method of marking defined, define test linesReporting 13 Standard report format definedRoll-Off Test (Helmet Stability Test) 12.7.2 Types defined: mass of drop weight, drop height, standard method ofpass/fail definedSamples for Testing 8 Criteria to be co
27、nsidered in selecting number of samplesSelecting the Correct Headform 7.1.1 Method definedTest Schedule 11 Standard test schedule definedF1446 15b24.1.5 helmet, na protective device worn on the head in an effort to reduce or minimize injury to that portion of the head thatis within an area above the
28、 test line (as defined in the individual performance standards).4.1.5.1 DiscussionA helmet of a given size is further defined as a combination of structure(s) making up the primary energy-absorption structurecovering part of the wearers head. Each structural size is made up of a specific size energy
29、-absorbing structure that may includean outer or inner hard shell, or both.4.1.6 helmet position index (HPI), nthe vertical distance from the brow of the helmet to the basic plane, when the helmet isplaced on a reference headform. The manufacturer shall specify the size of the headform and the verti
30、cal distance.4.1.7 helmet type, na category of helmets which do not differ in basic construction components such as shell, energy-absorbing layer(s), retention system, or any other component that is tested.FIG. 1 Anatomical PlanesFIG. 2 Test HeadformBasic, Reference, and Midsagittal PlanesF1446 15b3
31、4.1.7.1 DiscussionDifference in size alone does not constitute a different helmet type.4.1.8 midsagittal plane, nan anatomical plane perpendicular to the basic plane and containing the midpoint of the lineconnecting the notches of the right and left inferior orbital ridges and the midpoint of the li
32、ne connecting the superior rims of theright and left external auditory meatus.4.1.8.1 DiscussionThe longitudinal plane corresponds to the midsagittal plane (see Figs. 1 and 2).4.1.9 modular elastomer programmer (MEP), na cylindrical-shaped pad used as the impact surface for the spherical impactor.4.
33、1.10 preload ballast, na “bean-bag” filled with shot placed on the helmet to secure its position on the headform. The weightof the preload ballast shall be 5.0 6 0.1 kg unless otherwise specified in the individual performance specification.4.1.11 projection, nany part of a helmet, internal or extern
34、al, that extends beyond the faired surface and is likely to causeinjury.4.1.12 protective headgear, nsee helmet.4.1.13 reference headforms, nmeasuring headforms contoured in the same configuration as the test headforms sizes A, C, E,J, M, and O, as defined in Specification F2220.4.1.13.1 DiscussionT
35、he reference headforms should include surface markings corresponding to the basic, coronal, midsagittal, and reference planes(see Figs. 1 and 2).4.1.14 reference plane, na plane marked on the headforms at a specified distance above and parallel to the basic plane (seeFig. 3).4.1.15 retention system,
36、 nthe complete assembly that secures the helmet, in a stable position, on the wearers head.4.1.16 shield, noptional equipment used in place of goggles to protect the eyes.4.1.17 size, na combination of structure(s) making up the primary energy-absorption structure covering part of the wearershead.4.
37、1.17.1 DiscussionEach structural size is made up of a specific size energy-absorbing structure that may include an outer or inner hard shell, or both.4.1.18 spherical impactor, na device made of low resonance material (for example, magnesium), aluminum alloy, or stainlesssteel that couples mechanica
38、lly with the ball arm connector of the drop assembly in place of the impact test headform. Whenmounted, the device presents a spherically machined impact face with a radius of 73 mm on its bottom surface. All radii from thecenter of the curvature of the impact face to its outer edge shall from angle
39、s of no less than 40 with the downward vertical axis.The center of curvature shall be within 5 mm of the vertical axis drawn through the center of the ball arm. The mass and centerof gravity of the drop assembly including the impactor shall meet the same requirements as those specified for the drop
40、assemblyincorporated with the test headforms (see 7.3.2), using the 5 6 0.1 kg drop mass.4.1.19 test area, nthe area of the helmet on or above a specified test line, subject to impact or penetration testing.4.1.20 test headforms, ntest headforms that correspond to the physical dimensions defined in
41、Specification F2220 as sizes A,C, E, J, M, and O. The weight of the drop assembly including the headform shall be 5.0 6 0.10 kg unless a variable mass dropassembly configuration is specified. If a variable mass configuration is specified, then the weight of the drop assembly shall complywith the wei
42、ght specifications presented in Table 2. The test headforms may include surface markings corresponding to the basic,coronal, midsagittal, and reference planes (see Fig. Fig. 2).4.1.21 test line, na line drawn on the helmet as specified in the individual performance standards.4.1.22 visor (peak), nop
43、tional equipment for protection against sun or glare, and sometimes used as a rock or dirt deflector.5. Significance and Use5.1 The purpose of these test methods is to provide reliable and repeatable tests for the evaluation of various types of protectiveheadgear. Use of these test methods in conjun
44、ction with the specific individual performance standards is intended to reduce thelikelihood of serious injury and death resulting from impacts to the head sustained by individuals participating in sports, recreation,and other leisure activities in which protective headgear is worn.F1446 15b46. Cert
45、ification6.1 These test methods permit self-certification. It is recommended that each manufacturer employ an independent testlaboratory at least annually to test each model and size of protective headgear.7. Apparatus7.1 Test Headforms:HeadformLabelX, mm Y, mm Z, mmF2220-A 24.0 89.7 11.1F2220-C 25.
46、0 91.2 11.5F2220-E 26.0 96.0 11.9F2220-J 27.5 102.5 12.7F2220-M 29.0 107.0 13.3F2220-O 30.0 110.0 13.7FIG. 3 Location of Reference LineTABLE 2 Test Headforms and Mass Specifications for VariableMass Drop Assembly ConfigurationHeadform Label Drop Assembly MassF2220-A 3.1 0.10 kgF2220-C 3.6 0.10 kgF22
47、20-E 4.1 0.12 kgF2220-J 4.7 0.14 kgF2220-M 5.6 0.16 kgF2220-O 6.1 0.18 kgF1446 15b57.1.1 GeneralThese test methods specify six headform sizes as identified in Specification F2220 (A, C, E, J, M, and O) forperforming reference measurements, impact, roll-off, dynamic retention, penetration, and other
48、tests required by the individualperformance specification standards.7.1.2 Impact HeadformsThese headforms shall be made of K1A magnesium material and shall conform to the externaldimension requirements of each particular headform size, as specified in Specification F2220.7.1.3 Other HeadformsThese h
49、eadforms should be made of material of sufficient strength and stiffness to maintain theirgeometry during testing. They shall conform to the external dimension requirements of each particular headform size, as specifiedin Specification F2220. Full-chin headforms will be used as necessary.7.2 Retention SystemThe test apparatus for the roll-off and dynamic retention testing are shown in Figs. 4 and 5Fig. 4 and Fig.5, respectively. The mass of the drop weight and drop height are specified in the individual performance speci
