1、Designation: F1461 12Standard Practice forChemical Protective Clothing Program1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1461; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parent
2、heses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is intended to promote the proper selec-tion, use, maintenance, and understanding of the limitations ofchemical protective clothing (CPC)
3、 by users, employers, em-ployees, and other persons involved in programs requiringCPC, thereby limiting potentially harmful and unnecessaryskin exposures.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of t
4、his standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F739 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions ofContinuou
5、s ContactF903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used inProtective Clothing to Penetration by LiquidsF1001 Guide for Selection of Chemicals to Evaluate Pro-tective Clothing MaterialsF1052 Test Method for Pressure Testing Vapor ProtectiveSuitsF1154 Practices for Qualitatively Evaluating the Comf
6、ort,Fit, Function, and Durability of Protective Ensembles andEnsemble ComponentsF1194 Guide for Documenting the Results of ChemicalPermeation Testing of Materials Used in Protective Cloth-ingF1383 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gasesthrough Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions o
7、fIntermittent ContactF2588 Test Method for Man-In-Simulant Test (MIST) forProtective Ensembles3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 analytical detection limit, na number, expressed inunits of concentration (or amount), that describes the lowestconcentration level (or amount) that an analyst can determ
8、ineto be different from an analytical blank (background level).3.1.2 biological monitoring, nthe chemical analysis ofchemicals or metabolites, or both, from a workers blood,urine, fingernails, sweat, breath, and so forth.3.1.3 buddy system, na means of organizing employeework groups whereby each par
9、ticipant is matched with anotherso that prompt assistance can be rendered in the case of anyemergency.3.1.4 chemical protective clothing (CPC), nan item ofclothing that is specifically designed and constructed for theintended purpose of isolating all or part of the body from achemical hazard.3.1.5 d
10、econtamination, nthe reduction, removal, or neu-tralization of contaminant or contaminants from protectiveclothing to safely permit the protective clothing to be doffed(taken off), or reused, or discarded.3.1.6 elastomer, nan elastic polymer that has propertiessimilar to rubber.3.1.7 fabric, na plan
11、ar structure consisting of yarns orfibers.3.1.7.1 DiscussionUnlike a polymer sheet, a fabric isnormally subject to penetration by gases and liquids.3.1.8 Ficks laws of diffusion, nmathematical descriptionsof the movement of one type of molecule through another.3.1.8.1 DiscussionDiffusion is not due
12、to holes or pores inchemical protective clothing materials.3.1.9 hazard assessment, nan examination of the work-place to determine if hazards are present, or are likely to bepresent, which necessitate the use of personal protectiveequipment (PPE)3.1.10 industrial hygienist, na person who, by experie
13、nceand academic training, is qualified to recognize, evaluate, andcontrol chemical, physical, and biological agents in the work-place, or a person certified by theAmerican Board of IndustrialHygiene.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on PersonalProtective Clothing and Equ
14、ipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.30 on Chemicals.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2012. Published September 2012. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1461 - 07. DOI:10.1520/F1461-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, w
15、ww.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1
16、.11 occlusion, nthe physical process of covering achemical that has been applied to or spilled on the skin, therebydisallowing its evaporation and generally increasing its absorp-tion through the skin.3.1.12 physical-chemical parameters, nvalues for physi-cal or chemical properties of a test chemica
17、l or polymer, orboth, such as solubility parameters, molecular weight, vaporpressure, and so forth.3.1.13 plastic, na material that contains, as an essentialingredient, one or more organic polymeric substances of largemolecular weight, is solid in its finished state, and, at somestage in its manufac
18、ture of processing into finished articles, canbe shaped by flow.3.1.14 polymer, na substance consisting of moleculescharacterized by repetition (neglecting ends, branches, junc-tions, and other minor irregularities) of one or more chemicallybonded types of monomeric units.3.1.15 polymer sheet, na co
19、ntinuous polymeric planarstructure.3.1.15.1 DiscussionIt is not normally subject to penetra-tion by gases or liquids.3.1.16 program, na documented policy with proceduresfor selection and use of CPC.3.1.17 program administrator, na person responsible forthe formulation and implementation of a CPC pro
20、gram.3.1.18 program authority, na person responsible for en-forcing the requirements of a CPC program.3.1.19 toxicity, nthe propensity of a substance to produceadverse biochemical or physiological effects.3.1.19.1 DiscussionSuch effects are termed toxic effects,as used in this practice.4. Significan
21、ce and Use4.1 This practice presents those elements that constitute achemical protective clothing (CPC) program and conditions tobe used in establishing a program for the selection and use ofCPC.Adherence to this practice requires that a written programbe developed for any use of CPC.4.2 Although mu
22、ch remains to be determined regarding thetoxicity of vapor and liquid exposure to the skin, this practiceoutlines the essential information necessary and suggestedmethods for hazard assessment prior to the selection of CPC(see Practice F1154).4.3 This practice does not address the various methods fo
23、rtesting CPC or obtaining the data upon which CPC assessmentsare made. These test methods are listed in Section 2 of thispractice.4.4 This practice does not include recommendations thatmay apply to personal protection from nuclear radiation,radioactive contamination, or microbiological organisms, or
24、 toclothing that is worn to protect a particular environment fromthe entry of chemicals, particles, or living matter that may arisefrom the wearer.4.5 CPC should be used when other means of control are notavailable. Its major uses should be limited to the following:4.5.1 Maintenance operations;4.5.2
25、 Upset or emergency conditions;4.5.3 Use in lieu of engineering controls when they are notfeasible or are being installed;4.5.4 Supplementing feasible engineering controls whenthey fail to control the hazard completely; and4.5.5 Use in the event that engineering controls fail.4.6 Engineering control
26、s and substitution of materialsshould be stressed as the first line of defense in all controlsituations since effective use of CPC depends on workercompliance, proper selection, quality control, and other vari-ables that may prove to be weak links in an overall controlprocess.5. Minimum Program Requ
27、irements and Objectives5.1 The primary objective shall be to minimize employeeexposures. This objective should be accomplished to the extentfeasible by accepted engineering control measures. Theseinclude enclosure or confinement of the operation, isolation ofthe worker from the operation, substituti
28、on of less toxicmaterials, and modification of work practices. When thesecontrols are not feasible, or while they are being implementedor evaluated, appropriate CPC shall be used pursuant to therequirements in this practice and regulatory requirements,where applicable.5.2 Program Administration and
29、Responsibility:5.2.1 Responsibility and authority for implementing theCPC program shall be assigned to a single person. This personwill normally be a plant manager, supervisor, or other personwith line supervisory authority. This person is called theprogram authority.5.2.2 Normally, a second person
30、shall have responsibilityfor preparing the written program. This person is called theprogram administrator. His duties also include maintaining andupdating standard procedures and the CPC written program,based on changes in CPC technology and knowledge; main-taining records; auditing and evaluating
31、the program; directing,interacting with, or supervising those who dispense CPC at theworksite and those who train workers in the use of CPC; andestablishing procedures for the purchase of CPC. The programadministrator will usually have staff responsibilities. Theprogram administrator shall have know
32、ledge of CPC sufficientto supervise the CPC program properly. (Where possible, theadministrator of a CPC program should also be the adminis-trator of the respiratory protection program, if one exists, inorder to improve coordination.)5.3 Written ProgramsThe CPC program shall be estab-lished and deta
33、iled in a written document.5.4 CPC SelectionThe selection of the CPC article shallbe based on consideration of the following:5.4.1 Exposure situation (vapor, pressured splash, liquidsplash, intermittent liquid contact, and continuous liquid con-tact);5.4.2 Toxicity and amount of the chemical(s) (tha
34、t is, bestknowledge or the estimate of ability to permeate the skin andof systemic toxicity);5.4.3 Physical properties of the contaminant chemicals (forexample, vapor pressure, molecular weight, and polarity);5.4.4 Functional requirements of the task (for example,dexterity, thermal protection, fire
35、protection, and mechanicaldurability requirements); and5.4.5 Properties of the CPC that are relevant to the physicaland chemical hazards and functional requirements of the task.F1461 122These properties are determined through appropriate testingtechniques and include permeation resistance, degradati
36、onresistance, penetration resistance, dexterity, resistance to tear,and so forth, as applicable. (See Test Method F739, GuideF1001, and Practice F1052.)5.4.6 Selection of the CPC should consider the materialsfrom which the garment, gloves, visor, hoods and boots areconstructed, the seam construction
37、 and the design of thegarments.5.4.7 Selection of the CPC shold also consider the likeli-hood of coming in contact with the hazardous materials, theduration of the contact, the amount of contact and the directionof liquid contact.5.5 The selection procedure shall be documented. Mini-mally, the selec
38、tion process should consider degradation,penetration, and permeation resistance of the CPC. Degrada-tion could result in an adverse loss of integrity and chemicalresistance properties. Penetration could result in direct skincontact by an agent from bulk flow through seams, pinholes,and so forth. Per
39、meation can result in skin contact by an agentwithout any outward signs of either penetration or degradationsince molecular flow of the contaminant through the protectivearticle is occurring.5.6 TrainingEach CPC user shall be given training thatshall include the following:5.6.1 A description of the
40、hazards for which the CPC isbeing selected;5.6.2 An explanation and discussion of the toxicity of thecontaminants for which CPC is being used including symptomsthat indicate an overexposure has occurred;5.6.3 Limitations of CPC use;5.6.4 Training how to use CPC, including donning, decon-tamination i
41、n order to safely doff the garment, doffing, properstorage, maintenance, inspection, and decontamination for safereuse where applicable; and disposal of CPC.5.6.5 Each CPC user should tested after training and peri-odically thereafter, to verify that they understand and canfollow the CPC training, r
42、etrained if necessary or restrictedfrom using CPC if they can not understand or follow thetraining.5.7 CPC UseThe employer shall not use CPC in violationof the written program or the manufacturers instructions.When using CPC, the employer shall consider specialemergency-use precautions. The buddy sy
43、stem shall be used inconjunction with emergency-use CPC.5.8 Maintenance and StorageMaintenance and inspectionshall be conducted on a schedule that ensures that each piece ofCPC delivers the protection for which it was selected. Mini-mally, each piece of CPC shall be inspected by the wearer priorto i
44、ts use to ensure its integrity. CPC should be stored inaccordance with manufacturers instructions.5.9 DecontaminationProcedures for decontamination andreuse shall be documented. CPC should not be used after it iscontaminated unless it can be demonstrated that the decontami-nation CPC is safe to wear
45、.5.10 Field Evaluation and Biological MonitoringThe useof methods to estimate actual exposures in the field or estimatedoses from biological samples are appropriate when the choiceof CPC has uncertainty or when estimates of total doses toemployees are necessary. The latter is particularly importantf
46、or low vapor pressure organic chemicals that are absorbedthrough the skin readily.5.11 PurchasingThe purchase of CPC shall be coordi-nated carefully with the selection and use of CPC. Failure tomonitor and control the purchase of CPC could result inimproper CPC use, leading to worker exposure. The p
47、urchas-ers action shall be dependent on the requirements from theprogram administrator. Without clear CPC specification, thelowest price usually dictates purchase.5.12 Considerations of Medical and Human FactorsThepossible physiological and psychological effects caused bywearing CPC shall be conside
48、red. These effects, which includeheat stress and claustrophobic reactions, may be particularlyevident when TECP suits are worn. CPC selection is a balancebetween protection from chemical hazards and performance,physiological, and psychological burdens. Chemical protectionshould not be compromised, n
49、or should the worker be unnec-essarily burdened.5.12.1 In most cases, use of CPC entails a risk of heat stress.There should be a written heat stress management plan in placeto anticipate heat stress, monitor heat stress among CPC users,mitigate the risk by used of engineering controls, workpractices of additional PPE and rehabilitate CPC users withelevated core body temperatures.5.13 AuditingCPC programs shall be audited periodicallyin order to ensure that all components are functioning asdescribed in the written program. Methods for auditing thep
