1、Designation: F 1534 05Standard Test Method forDetermining Changes in Fire-Test-Response Characteristicsof Cushioning Materials After Water Leaching1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1534; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers a procedurefor leaching cushioning ma
3、terials with water and determiningchanges in two specific fire-test-response characteristics: (1)the surface flammability, in accordance with Test MethodD 3675, and (2) the specific optical density of smoke gener-ated, in accordance with Test Method E 662.1.2 In view of the wide variation in potenti
4、al serviceconditions, it is likely that results of this leaching test will notgive a direct correlation with service performance for allapplications. However, the test method yields comparative dataon which to base judgments as to expected service of cushion-ing materials and is useful in research a
5、nd development work.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does
6、not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
7、this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular
8、Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod and associated with fire issues refer to TerminologyE 176.3.
9、2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cushioning, nmaterial used to isolate or reduce theeffect of externally applied shock or vibration forces, or both.3.2.2 fire performance, nresponse of a material, product,or assembly in a specific fire, other than a fire test involvingcontrolle
10、d conditions (different from fire-test-response charac-teristic, q.v.).3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe ASTM Policy on Fire Standardsdistinguishes between the response of materials, products, orassemblies to heat and flame “under controlled conditions,”which is fire-test-response characteristic, and “under act
11、ual fireconditions,” which is fire performance. Fire performancedepends on the occasion or environment and may not bemeasurable. In view of the limited availability of fire-performance data, the response to one or more fire tests,appropriately recognized as representing end-use conditions, isgeneral
12、ly used as a predictor of the fire performance of amaterial, product, or assembly.3.2.3 fire-test-response characteristic, nresponse charac-teristic of a material, product, or assembly, to a prescribedsource of heat, or flame, under controlled fire conditions; suchresponse characteristics may includ
13、e but are not limited to easeof ignition, flame spread, heat release, mass loss, smokegeneration, fire resistance, and toxic potency of smoke.3.2.3.1 DiscussionA fire-test-response characteristic canbe influenced by variable characteristics of the heat source,such as its intensity, or of the burning
14、 environment, such asventilation, geometry of item or enclosure, humidity, or oxygenconcentration. It is not an intrinsic property such as specificheat, thermal conductivity, or heat of combustion, where thevalue is independent of test variables. A fire-test-responsecharacteristic may be described i
15、n one of several terms. Smokegeneration, for example, may be described as smoke opacity,change of opacity with time, or smoke weight. No quantitative1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F33 onDetention and Correctional Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommit
16、-tee F33.05 on Furnishings and Equipment.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as F 1534 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.or
17、g. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.correlation need exist between values of a response character-ist
18、ic for two or more materials, products, or assemblies, asmeasured by two or more approaches, or tested under two ormore sets of conditions for a given method.3.2.4 leaching, nremoval in solution of the more solublematerials by percolating or moving water.3.2.5 softened water, nwater that has been tr
19、eated withsubstances to remove or sequester the calcium or magnesiumions.3.2.5.1 DiscussionAmong the substances used for watersoftening are various sodium phosphates and zeolites (naturalhydrated silicate of aluminum and either sodium or potassiumor both). Water of specific resistance of 1 MV or hig
20、her issuitable.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 In this test method samples of cushioning materials aresubjected to leaching by immersing specimens in flowingsoftened water for a period of 6 h and then dried. Twofire-test-response characteristics of the cushioning materials,namely the surface flammabili
21、ty, in accordance with TestMethod D 3675, and the specific optical density of smoke, inaccordance with Test Method E 662, are measured on speci-mens of the materials which have undergone the water treat-ment. The results are then compared with results obtained fromuntreated specimens of the same mat
22、erials, to determine thepercentage change in each fire-test-response characteristic.5. Significance and Use5.1 The fire performance of a material or product is affectedby a combination of its fire-test-response characteristics. Twoof the most commonly determined fire-test-response character-istics o
23、f cushioning materials are the surface flammability, inaccordance with Test Method D 3675, and the specific opticaldensity of smoke, in accordance with Test Method E 662.5.2 Cushioning materials used in upholstery applications arepotentially exposed to leaching of the active ingredients due to(1) wa
24、ter solubility of the treating agents or (2) exposure tohigh humidity.5.3 In view of the importance that the fire performance ofthe cushioning materials used in upholstery applications re-main constant throughout their intended service life, this testmethod provides a means to test for the potential
25、 change in twofire-test-response characteristics due to leaching.6. Apparatus6.1 Water TankUse a water container or tank of a shapeand size sufficient for the specimens to be fully submersibletherein, to ensure full water contact with all surfaces. Deter-mine the volume of the water container in lit
26、res by filling itwith water and measuring the volume of the water. Confirmthat the container is large enough that the ratio of thespecimen(s) to water shall be no less than 1 to 20 by volume,by comparison with the volume of the specimens to be used, asdetermined in 8.4.NOTE 1The maximum volume of ea
27、ch specimen to be tested in TestMethod D 3675 is 1.73 L. The maximum volume of each specimen to betested in Test Method E 662 is 0.30 L.6.2 Softened Water:6.2.1 Use an established water softening procedure thatensures the presence of negligible amounts of alkaline oralkaline earth ions (principally
28、sodium, potassium, calcium,and magnesium).NOTE 2It is advisable to have the facility running water tested beforeacquiring a new water softening system. The use of a water indicatorsystem in which a light turns on when the water contains excessive ionsis recommended. A system consisting of one carbon
29、 tank and two mixedbed tanks in series, with a quality light in between the mixed beds, tomaintain a water quality of 2 MV/cm or greater, is suitable for thisapplication. The concept of the “quality light” is that, when the light goesout, the first mixed bed is removed and replaced by the second mix
30、ed bed,and a new second mixed bed is installed in its place. The carbon tank isa requirement, but it prolongs the life of the mixed beds.NOTE 3The presence of alkaline or alkaline earth metal ions has beenshown to possibly affect the flammability performance.6.2.2 Provide a means of supplying a cont
31、inuous flow ofsoftened water to the bottom of the container at a rate of at leastbetween two and three water changes per hour. Set thetemperature of the flowing softened water to 20 6 5C (68 69F).6.3 Provide a means at the top of the water container fordisposing of the overflow.6.4 Ensure that the a
32、pparatus has a means of suspending thespecimens in such a manner that they are not in contact witheach other during the leaching process. Ensure too that contactof the specimens with the container is minimized.6.5 There are two alternative methods for specimen place-ment during leaching:6.5.1 Place
33、specimens in tank within a wire mesh cage, or6.5.2 Suspend specimens from a rod within the tank bymeans of small clips and weigh them at the bottom.7. Safety Precautions7.1 The test methods associated with assessing the fire-test-response characteristics of the cushioning materials are fire testmeth
34、ods, which are inherently hazardous.7.2 In each of the fire test methods, the test proceduresinvolve high temperatures and combustion processes. Hazardstherefore exist for burns, ignition of extraneous objects orclothing, and inhalation of combustion products. The operatormust take appropriate preca
35、utions during the insertion andremoval of the test specimens, for example by using protectivegloves. The operator must ensure not to touch either theignition source, or the radiant heating source or any associatedfixtures while hot, except with the use of appropriate protectivegear.8. Test Specimens
36、8.1 Ensure that a sufficient number of test specimens isavailable to determine the fire-test-response characteristics ofthe cushioning materials in accordance with Test MethodsD 3675 and E 662 both before and after leaching.8.2 Provide test specimens of the size required by TestMethods D 3675 and E
37、662.8.3 Provide the appropriate number of test specimens asrequired by Test Methods D 3675 and E 662.8.4 Determine the volume in litres of each test specimenused for Test Methods D 3675 and E 662.F15340529. Calibration9.1 Follow the directions in Test Methods D 3675 and E 662for calibration of the c
38、orresponding equipment.9.2 The only parts of the leaching test equipment thatrequire calibration are the temperature control devices. Usecommonly accepted procedures for ensuring that the tempera-ture remains within the required range.10. Conditioning10.1 Condition the specimens as required by Test
39、MethodsD 3675 and E 662.11. Leaching Procedure11.1 Conduct leaching on only one cushioning material at atime.11.2 Submerge specimens in water tank for a period of 6 h.11.2.1 Squeeze the specimens upon immersion to removeany entrapped air.11.2.2 Submerge the specimens by one of the alternativemethods
40、 indicated in 6.5.11.2.3 Start water flow and continue for a total of 6 h (witha tolerance of 65 min).11.3 After the immersion period, squeeze the wet specimensto remove excess water and then dry them in an air circulatingoven at 70 6 3C (158 6 5F) until a constant weight isachieved (at least 3 h ar
41、e required).11.4 Optionally, weigh the specimens before and after theleaching process to determine whether any significant weightlosses occur.NOTE 4A weight loss larger than 3 % is likely to be significant.12. Testing of the Unleached Samples12.1 Determine the flame spread index (Is) of the original
42、unleached samples by testing specimens in accordance withTest Method D 3675.12.2 Determine the specific optical density of smoke gen-erated by the original unleached samples by testing specimensin accordance with Test Method E 662. Use a specimenthickness of 25 mm (1 in.).12.3 Test specimens of the
43、unleached and leached sampleson the same day. Alternatively, test the unleached samplesearlier, but not more than 96 h before testing the leachedsamples.13. Testing of the Leached Samples13.1 Condition and test the leached specimens as requiredby both Test Methods D 3675 and E 662.13.2 Determine the
44、 flame spread index (Is) of specimens ofthe leached samples in accordance with Test Method D 3675.13.3 Determine the specific optical density of smoke gen-erated by specimens of the leached samples in accordance withTest Method E 662. Use a sample thickness of 25 mm (1 in.).14. Calculation14.1 Expre
45、ss the results of the leaching test as a percentageof the change in the fire-test-response characteristic, calculatedby Eq 1.P 5L O!O3 100 (1)where:P = percentage change,O = original value of fire-test-response characteristic, andL = value of fire-test-response characteristic after leach-ing.15. Rep
46、ort15.1 Report the following information:15.1.1 Identification of the sample,15.1.2 Identification of the fire-test-response characteristicmeasured,15.1.3 Dates when the leaching test was carried out andwhen the fire-test-response characteristics of leached andunleached specimens were determined,15.
47、1.4 Volume of the water container, as determined in 6.1,15.1.5 Volume of each of the specimens to be used for TestMethods D 3675 and E 662,15.1.6 The ratio of water volume to specimen volume forboth Test Methods D 3675 and E 662,15.1.7 Any observations made during leaching,15.1.8 All data required b
48、y Test Methods D 3675 and E 662for the original and the final determination of the correspond-ing fire-test-response characteristics,15.1.9 The percentage change, for each fire-test-responsecharacteristic, as calculated by Eq 1 in accordance with Section14, and15.1.10 (Optionally) the weight of the
49、specimens before andafter leaching.16. Precision and Bias16.1 The precision of the procedure for leaching is beingdetermined.16.2 The precision and bias of the procedures for flame-spread index (Is) and optical density of smoke generation are asspecified in Test Methods D 3675 and E 662, respectively.17. Keywords17.1 cushioning; fire; fire performance; fire-test-responsecharacteristic; leaching; optical density; smoke obscuration;softened waterF1534053APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. COMMENTARYX1.1 Fire hazard involves a series of three processes,namely: (1)
