1、Designation: F 1571 95 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Test Method forDetermination of Abrasion and Smudge Resistance ofImages Produced from Business Copy Products (SutherlandMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1571; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining
3、 theamount of image transferred from one site and redeposited atanother site (smudge) on a document. The Sutherland Ink RubTester2with 4-lb (1.82-kg) test block is the test instrument forproducing the transfer and either a reflectometer or densitom-eter is employed for measuring the change in images
4、. Alterna-tively, a visual rating order can be employed to establish aranking order. The degree to which the original image isunaltered upon rubbing is considered to be the abrasionresistance.1.2 This test method can be employed to evaluate thesmudge resistance of business imaging products produced
5、bytypewriters, and impact printers.1.3 This test method can also be employed to measureperformance characteristics for a product. The user shouldselect test equipment that is appropriate for measuring thedegree of abrasion to the samples. Samples are tested beforeand after rubbing and comparisons of
6、 results made. In this testmethod product performance evaluations are optional.1.4 Other test methods employing the Crockmeter, TaberAbrader, and Gavarti GA-C.A.T. can be employed to evaluatethe smudge and abrasion characteristics. Results by these unitsare not necessarily equivalent to those obtain
7、ed with theSutherland.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user o
8、f this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 5264 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of PrintedMaterials by the Sutherland Rub Tester3F 149 Terminology Relati
9、ng to Optical Character Recogni-tion3F 221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made Therefrom3F 497 Practice for the Use of the Electric and ElectronicTypewriter as a Test Instrument3F 909 Terminology Relating to Printers3F 1125 Terminology of Image Quality in Im
10、pact PrintingSystems3F 1174 Practice for Using a Personal Computer as a TestInstrument3F 1175 Practice for Using the Computer Impact Print-OutUnit as a Test Instrument for Manifold Comparison3F 1319 Test Method for Determination of Abrasion andSmudge Resistance of Images Produced from BusinessCopy P
11、roducts3F 1443 Practice for Using 0.008 in. (0.203 mm) ApertureReflectometers as Test Instruments for MeasuringVisual Image Quality of Business Copy Images32.2 ANSI Standard:CGATS.4 Graphic Technology Graphic Arts ReflectionDensitometry MeasurementsTerminology, Equations,Image Elements and Procedure
12、s43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasion resistancethe ability of an image to with-stand the frictional force attempting to remove the surfacematerial.3.1.2 smudgethe tendency of an image to smear or streakonto an adjacent area when rubbed. Smudge involves theredeposition of abraded material.1
13、This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.02 on InkedTransfer Imaging Products.Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1995. Published November 1995. Originallypublished as F 1571 94. Last previous edi
14、tion F 1571 94.2Available from James River Corp., Mechanical Services Dept., 243 E. PatersonStreet, Kalamazoo, MI 49007.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.4Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
15、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 smudge resistancethe ability of an image to with-stand smudging.3.1.4 General definitions relating to terms employed in thistest method can be found in Terminology F 149 (opticalcharacter recognition), Terminology F 2
16、21 (carbon paper andinked ribbon products and images), Terminology F 909 (print-ers), Terminology F 1125 (impact printer image quality) andANSI/CGATS.4 (reflection densitometry).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is intended to present a procedure formeasuring the abrasion resistance and
17、smudge tendency oftypewritten and impact printed images.4.2 The Sutherland Ink Rub Tester2and 4-lb (1.82-kg) testblock covered with Buehler Ltd. microcloth5is used to performthe abrasion and smudge test on images generated on atypewriter or printer. The recommended test pattern uses aseries of six l
18、ines with thirty capital “I” s per row. Spacingbetween characters should be sufficient to allow the positioningof the aperture of the reflectometer (or densitometer) withouttouching the characters.4.3 Once the smudge has been produced by the rub tester,measure the optical density of the paper in the
19、 area adjacent tothe images using a reflectometer (or densitometer). Theseresults are compared to the reflectance (or density) valuesobtained on the same area prior to imaging. If a densitometeris used, the readings must be converted to percent reflectanceprior to making any calculations. This proce
20、dure recommendsadjusting the reflectance meter to 1.00 or densitometer to 0.00before measuring the smudge level. In this case the smudgevalue will be equal to the reflectance or density of the smudgedarea.4.4 For the evaluation of abrasion, reflection density read-ings of individual characters are m
21、easured before and afterapplication of the rub tester.4.5 Alternative methods for evaluation of the results includeestablishing a rank order of the samples or evaluation ofperformance characteristics of the images.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is designed to simulate the type ofdamage
22、resulting from paper rubbing against a printed image.The primary method of evaluation is either reflectance oroptical density readings. Depending upon the objective of thetest, comparison of either the image or the area adjacent to theimage is evaluated before and after rubbing.5.2 This test method
23、can be used for control of productquality as well as a research and development tool.5.3 As written this test method is intended for use only withimpact printed images involving ribbons. However, it can bemodified to evaluate other types of business images such asthose produced by non-impact printer
24、s and copiers, ink jetprinters, and thermal transfer printers.5.4 The degree of image transferred by rubbing from aprinted image can be affected by various factors including thetype of printer, the condition of the unit, supplies employed,time since imaging, and environmental conditions. As many asp
25、ossible of these variables should be controlled during the test.A control sample with known characteristics, if available,should be run along with the test samples.6. Interferences6.1 Equipment cleanliness is important for accurate read-ings. Residual oil, dirt, or other contaminants may be trans-fe
26、rred to the test samples and result in erroneous measure-ments. Care must be taken to avoid skin contact with either ofthe two surfaces involved in the rubbing action.6.2 Variations in paper surfaces may affect ribbon smudgelevel. If sheeted paper is used, the user should be aware thatsheet to sheet
27、 smoothness and brightness variations within aream may have a significant effect on reflectance readings.Most papers contain a felt and a wire side that have differentsurface smoothness levels and this in turn can also affect testresults. Special precautions should be taken when using pre-printed or
28、 colored papers because they may affect both thereflectometer (or densitometer) calibration and measurements.6.3 Running the test under conditions outside those found inthe normal office environment may affect the degree of smudgeand abrasion.6.4 Image smudging may be affected by printer or type-wri
29、ter parameters such as hammer energy level, hammer dwelltime, hammer flight time, platen hardness, and print characterto platen angle.6.5 The time from print sample generation to running of thesmudge test has a direct impact on the final results. If prints areto be compared the elapsed time from pri
30、nting to smudgetesting should be stated.7. Apparatus and Materials7.1 Sutherland Ink Rub Tester2with 4-lb (1.82-kg) testblock, or its equivalent. See Fig. 1 for a picture of theapparatus.7.2 Standard Typewriter, (electric or electronic) or printer.7.3 Microcloth, Buehler Ltd. #4C72285with adhesiveba
31、cking or equivalent.7.4 Reflectometer, or densitometer with an aperture smallerthan the space between characters. The primary method ofevaluation is reflectance or optical density. The choice of whichunit to employ depends on the density of the area to bemeasured. Reflectometers perform best when th
32、e image densityis light, whereas densitometers give the best results where theimage density is dark. If readings are desired on individualprinted characters, equipment and methods referenced in Prac-tice F 1443 can be employed.7.5 OptionalOther test equipment which measures spe-cific performance cha
33、racteristics such as OCR readers and barcode verifiers.8. Conditioning8.1 For best results the paper must be conditioned at 73F(23C) and 50 % relative humidity and all testing conductedunder these same conditions. If controlled conditions are notavailable, samples to be compared must be run under th
34、e sameenvironmental conditions, on the same type of paper and at thesame elapsed time between printing and smudge testing.5Available from Buehler, Ltd., 41 Waukegan Rd., Lake Bluff, IL 60044.F 1571 95 (2002)29. Procedure9.1 The test specimen is an imaged area 3.5 to 4 in. (8.0 to10.2 cm) produced on
35、 a typewriter or printer under ambientenvironmental conditions. Refer to Practices F 497, F 1174, orF 1175 for directions on how to prepare the sample employingimpact printing devices. If reflectance density readings will berequired on individual characters, a type font should beselected so the 0.00
36、8-in. (0.203-mm) aperture area will fitwithin the printed character boundaries (refer to PracticeF 1443). Although the actual test pattern may vary, the recom-mended pattern that uses six rows of capital “I” s is presentedin Fig. 2.9.2 When ribbon samples are compared, the same type ofpaper and side
37、 (wire or felt) must be used for all tests.9.3 Cut the printed sample to 212 by 512in. (6.4 by 14.0 cm).9.4 Refer to the Sutherland Operating Manual6for properset-up procedures and instructions regarding the operation ofthe unit.9.5 Mount a sample strip with the image facing up onto thebase of the S
38、utherland Ink Rub Tester.2Tape the sample so thatthe lead edge of the pattern is12 in. (13 mm) from the rightedge of the base plate. Overlap of tape on paper should notexceed18in. (3 mm).9.6 Adhere two 1 by 2 in. (25 by 51 mm) pieces of#4C-7228 Buehler microcloth5or equivalent to the bottom ofthe 4-
39、lb (1.82-kg) weight of the Rub Tester.29.7 Check the two surfaces for loose material and removewith a camels hair brush if necessary.9.8 Carefully place the weight on top of the printed samplewith the microcloth resting on the images.9.9 Lock the weight into the radius arm.9.10 Set and run the teste
40、r ten cycles.9.11 Remove the weight.9.12 Calibrate the reflectance meter or densitometer inaccordance with the manufacturers recommended procedurebefore each test to verify the zero or infinity setting.NOTE 1Since most papers that are used in this procedure are usuallytranslucent and not opaque, if
41、a white backing is used, some of the lighttransmitted through the paper will reflect back to the measuring instru-ment. The method recommended by ANSI/CGATS.4 that minimizesback-reflected light is to use a black backing material. This backingmaterial should be non-selective, diffuse-reflecting, and
42、have an ISOdensity greater than 1.50. Samples are often either viewed or measuredwith a backing of several layers of similar stock. Although this procedureis acceptable, black backing is required when communicating data.9.13 Place the reflectance meter or densitometer on anon-image area of the sampl
43、e. Set the calibration to 1.00readout for a reflectance meter or 0.00 for a densitometer.Making several readings and calibrating the meter on thenominal value is the preferred practice. If the paper is so darkthat the unit cannot be adjusted to 1.00 (or 0.00) on thebackground, calibrate the unit aga
44、inst an absolute standard.After both background and smudge data has been gathered, the6Sutherland Ink Rub Tester Operators Instruction Manual, available fromJames River Corp. Also see the operators manual for selected reflectometer ordensitometer.NOTE 1The Sutherland Rub Tester shows two-pound and f
45、our-poundweights to which test specimens are attached and the scoring device.NOTE 2The upper receptacle of the timer is for remote timer control.The lower receptacle is the same voltage as the instrument. 115 V singlephase is standard, 220 V optional. Sutherland Ink Rub Tester andAttachmentsFIG. 1 S
46、utherland Ink Rub Tester and AttachmentsFIG. 2 Sample Test PatternF 1571 95 (2002)3smudge value of interest must be calculated using the formulain accordance with 10.2.2.9.14 Measure the reflectance (or optical density) of thespace midway between the first and second character on eachof the second a
47、nd third rows from the top left-hand and topright-hand corners.9.15 Report the average of twenty measurements, five ineach area.9.16 Repeat the procedure in 9.1-9.15 for each additionalsample. Values for smudge may be dependent on how longafter the rubbing measurements are taken. To minimize thisvar
48、iable, make all measurements of each sample an equal timeafter rubbing.9.17 For the evaluation of abrasion, measure the opticaldensity of images before and after rubbing in accordance with11.1.2 of Practice F 1443.9.18 OptionalOther test equipment, operated in accor-dance with the manufacturers dire
49、ctions, can be employed toevaluate the functional performance of the printed sample. Forexample, a bar code verifier can be used to evaluate a bar code.Or an OCR reader can be used to examine the scannability ofOCR images.10. Calculation and Interpretation of Results10.1 Visual Means:10.1.1 Visually compare the rubbed images to the originalfor the following properties (5 or 103 magnification may aidin the evaluation):10.1.1.1 Intensity of the smudged area,10.1.1.2 Loss in visual density of the images, and10.1.1.3 Loss of sharpness of characters after rubbing
