1、Designation: F1572 08 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Methods forTire Performance Testing on Snow and Ice Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1572; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year o
2、f last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of tire perfor-mance on snow and ice surfaces utilizing passenger car or lig
3、httruck vehicles. Since the tires are evaluated as part of atire/vehicle system, the conclusions reached may not be appli-cable to the same tires tested on a different vehicle.1.2 These test methods do not purport to identify everymaneuver useful for determining tire performance in a winterenvironme
4、nt.1.3 These test methods are not meant to evaluate vehicleperformance. Allowing for the variability of test results withdifferent vehicles, these procedures have been developed andselected to evaluate relative tire-snow performance.1.4 These test methods are suitable for research and devel-opment p
5、urposes, where tires are compared during a singleseries of tests. They may not be suitable for regulatory statutesor specification acceptance because the values obtained maynot necessarily agree or correlate either in rank order orabsolute traction performance level with those obtained underother en
6、vironmental conditions on other surfaces or the samesurface after additional use.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated wi
7、th its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E178 Practice for Dealing With Outlying ObservationsE1136 Specific
8、ation for P195/75R14 Radial Standard Refer-ence Test TireF457 Test Method for Speed and Distance Calibration ofFifth Wheel Equipped With Either Analog or DigitalInstrumentationF538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-formance of TiresF811 Practice for Accelerometer Use in Vehicles fo
9、r TireTestingF1046 Guide for Preparing Artificially Worn Passenger andLight Truck Tires for TestingF1650 Practice for Evaluating Tire Traction PerformanceData Under Varying Test ConditionsF1805 Test Method for Single Wheel Driving Traction in aStraight Line on Snow- and Ice-Covered Surfaces2.2 SAE S
10、tandards:3SAE J1466 Passenger Car and Light Truck Tire DynamicDriving Traction in Snow3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 candidate tire, na test tire that is part of a testprogram.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe term “candidate object” may beused in the same sense as candidate tire. F5383.1.2 candidate tire
11、set, na set of candidate tires. F5383.1.3 control tire, na reference tire used in a specifiedmanner throughout a test program.3.1.3.1 DiscussionAcontrol tire may be of either type andtypical tire use is the reference (control) tire in Practice F1650that provides algorithms for correcting (adjusting)
12、 test data forbias trend variations (See Practice F1650 and AnnexA1). F5383.1.4 driving coeffcient (nd), nthe ratio of the drivingforce to a normal force. F5383.1.5 driving force (F), n of a tire, the positive longitudi-nal force resulting from the application of driving torque. F5383.1.6 grooming,
13、vin tire testing, mechanically reworking asnow test surface in order to obtain a surface with moreconsistent properties. F5381These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F09 on Tiresand are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.20 on Vehicular Testing.Current edition appro
14、ved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F1572 08. DOI:10.1520/F1572-08R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vol
15、ume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from SAEAutomotive Headquarters, 755 W. Big Beaver, Suite 1600,Troy, MI 48084.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.7 ice, dry,
16、nsmooth ice without loose surfacematerials. F5383.1.8 longitudinal force (F), n of a tire, the component ofthe tire force vector in the X direction. F5383.1.9 longitudinal slip velocity (L/T), n the effectiverolling radius multiplied by the difference between the spinvelocity (in rad/unit time) of a
17、 driven or braked tire and that ofa free rolling tire when each is traveling in a straight line. F5383.1.10 reference tire, na special tire included in a testprogram; the test results for this tire have significance as a basevalue or internal benchmark. F5383.1.11 snow, hard pack, n in tire testing,
18、 packed basewithout loose snow. F5383.1.12 snow, medium hard pack, n in tire testing, packedbase with some loose snow.3.1.13 snow, medium pack, n in tire testing, groomedpacked base with 2.5 to 5.0 cm (1 to 2 in.) loose snow. F5383.1.14 snow, soft pack, n in tire testing, freshly fallen ordeeply gro
19、omed base snow with 5.0 to 7.5 cm (2 to 3 in.) loosesnow. F5383.1.15 spin velocity, nthe angular velocity of the wheelabout its spin axis. F5383.1.16 standard reference test tire (SRTT), na tire thatmeets the requirements of Specification E1136, commonlyused as control tire or a surface monitoring t
20、ire.3.1.16.1 DiscussionThis is a Type 1 reference tire. F5383.1.16.2 DiscussionA surface monitoring tire may also beused as a control tire.3.1.17 surface monitoring tire, na reference tire used toevaluate changes in a test surface over a selected time period.F5383.1.18 test (or testing), na procedur
21、e performed on anobject (or set of nominally identical objects) using specifiedequipment that produces data unique to the object (or set).3.1.18.1 DiscussionTest data are used to evaluate ormodel selected properties or characteristics of the object (or setof objects). The scope of testing depends on
22、 the decisions to bemade for any program, and sampling and replication plans (seedefinitions below) need to be specified for a complete programdescription. F5383.1.19 test matrix, n in tire testing a group of candidatetires, usually with specified reference tires; all tests arenormally conducted in
23、one testing program.3.1.20 test tire, na tire used in a test. F5383.1.21 test tire set, none or more test tires as required bythe test equipment or procedure, to perform a test, therebyproducing a single test result.3.1.21.1 DiscussionThe four nominally identical tires re-quired for vehicle stopping
24、 distance testing constitute a test tireset. In the discussion below where the test tire is mentioned, itis assumed that the test tire set may be submitted for test tire,if a test tire set is required for the testing. F5383.1.22 vertical load, nthe normal reaction of the tire onthe road which is equ
25、al to the negative of normal force. F5384. Summary of Test Method4.1 These test methods describe a series of vehicle maneu-vers which can be utilized by the tire and vehicle industry toconsistently measure the properties of a tires performance onsnow and ice surfaces in the braking, driving and corn
26、eringtraction modes.4.2 These test methods outline the procedures for conduct-ing the following tests:4.2.1 Road circuit handling,4.2.2 Winter hill climb,4.2.3 Winter slalom,4.2.4 Accelerationstraight ahead,4.2.5 Brakingstraight ahead, and4.2.6 Step steer.5. Significance and Use5.1 These test method
27、s describe techniques for assessing theperformance characteristics of tires in a winter environment onsnow and ice surfaces in a standardized manner. When onlysnow is referred to hereafter, it should be understood that ice isimplied as appropriate.5.2 A series of maneuvers are conducted to character
28、izeseveral aspects of the tire performance in snow, since a singlemaneuver is not sufficient to characterize all aspects of a tiresperformance.6. Interferences6.1 Factors which may affect tire snow performance andmust be considered in the final analysis of data include:6.1.1 Snow/ambient temperature
29、,6.1.2 Mechanical breakdown of snowflake into granularcrystals,6.1.3 Solar heat load and tire temperature,6.1.4 Tire wear condition or preparation,6.1.5 Tire pressure and vertical load,6.1.6 Test vehicle characteristics,6.1.7 Snow surface characteristics,6.1.8 Test driver, and6.1.9 Rim selection.7.
30、Apparatus7.1 Due to the nature of these test methods, specific require-ments for apparatus will be limited. A general discussion oftypes of apparatus and their uses follows.7.1.1 Time MeasurementThis provides one of the simplestand lowest cost methods of quantifying tire performance.However, since t
31、ime measurement inherently involves averag-ing over a time period, the measurements obtained provideonly a general overview of performance.7.1.1.1 Time measurement apparatus may be onboard thevehicle or stationary and may vary from handheld stopwatchesto optical start/stop gates or combined apparatu
32、s for measure-ment of time and other properties (for example, fifth wheelapparatus).7.1.1.2 Many tests measure time to complete a slalom orhill-and-curve course. Other tests involve measuring the timeF1572 08 (2015)2necessary to reach some condition, such as the time necessaryto stop from a given sp
33、eed or the time to achieve a certainspeed from rest.7.1.2 Speed and Distance MeasurementVehicle speed anddistance measurement may be used for evaluating tire snowperformance. There are a number of technologies for measur-ing speed and distance.7.1.2.1 Fifth Wheel BasedThis test method requires that
34、alightly loaded free-rolling wheel be attached to the vehicle. Arevolution counting device on this wheel is used to providetypical distance resolutions of 1 cm (0.4 in.). Fifth wheel typedevices are highly reliable but may slip on low friction surfacesor bounce on a rough surface, providing inaccura
35、te readings.Afifth wheel may not be appropriate on a road circuit handlingcourse. Fifth wheel type devices are not suitable for use inradical maneuvers or situations where the vehicle may slide orspinout, as these maneuvers may cause damage to the devices.See Test Method F457 for additional informat
36、ion on fifthwheels.7.1.2.2 Non-Contact OpticalOptical sensors are availablewhich can measure both longitudinal and lateral speed. Sincethese sensors do not contact the road surface they may be usedwithout damage in tests which may involve spinouts orsignificant lateral motion. However, optical senso
37、rs depend onsurface microtexture and they may not work on all surfaceconditions.7.1.2.3 Wheel SpeedA wheel speed sensing device (opti-cal encoder or tachometer) mounted on the wheels of the testvehicle permits the measurement of rotational speed of thewheels and the calculation of distance traveled.
38、 These testmethods may be prone to error due to wheel slip or changingrolling radius. Wheel speed sensors are usually used inconjunction with 7.1.2.1 or 7.1.2.2 to determine the extent ofwheel spin.7.1.2.4 AccelerometersSeveral commercial performancecomputers exist which calculate speed and distance
39、 traveledbased on internally mounted accelerometers.4These devicesperform numerical integration to compute speed and distancefrom the acceleration signal. Accelerometer-based devices arenon-contact and self-contained; they are easy to transferbetween vehicles. These devices are best suited to tests
40、whichinvolve primarily straight ahead motion and which involveevents of short duration.7.1.2.5 RadarSelf-contained radio and microwave speedsensing devices are not widely used for tire performancetesting. Development of these devices is continuing.7.1.2.6 TelemetryVehicle position sensing equipment
41、isavailable which utilizes both stationary and vehicle mountedtransceivers. Using multiple stationary antennae, this equip-ment may provide dynamic vehicle position, speed and orien-tation data with great accuracy. The disadvantages to thisapproach are the cost of the systems and the difficulty inmo
42、ving the system to a different test site. Telemetry is notwidely used at present but may be of value in the future.7.1.3 Acceleration MeasurementAcceleration measure-ment is a primary technology used for evaluating tire snowperformance. Due to their low cost and ease of mounting,three-axis accelerom
43、eters provide a simple way to evaluatesome aspects of tire performance.7.1.3.1 Accelerometers function by measuring the accelera-tion of a vehicle. This acceleration depends on the forcesexisting at the tire/surface interface.7.1.3.2 Accelerometers typically have bandwidths in excessof 100 Hz, allow
44、ing dynamic measurement of forces in ahandling test.7.1.3.3 Drawbacks to the use of accelerometers include:sensitivity to wind and vehicle orientation changes, such asbody pitch and roll, which occur in handling maneuvers(gyro-stabilized platforms can be used to eliminate this prob-lem); the need to
45、 mount the accelerometer at or near the centerof gravity of the test vehicle to obtain accurate data; the factthat accelerations on snow and ice surfaces are typically smallin magnitude; and the fact that accelerometer signals aretypically noisy, leading to the need for filtration of the signal.See
46、Practice F811 for additional accelerometer usage informa-tion.7.1.4 Vehicle OrientationDevices to measure vehicle ori-entation include gyroscopes, wheel steer angle transducers andsome telemetry systems.7.1.4.1 Measurement of the test vehicles orientation aboutits pitch and roll axis is typically us
47、ed for correction ofaccelerometer based test systems.7.1.4.2 Measurement of the test vehicles orientation aboutits yaw axis as well as wheel steer angle measurement are usedin cornering performance testing.7.1.4.3 Due to high cost, vehicle orientation measurementdevices are typically used only on te
48、sts requiring a high degreeof accuracy.7.1.5 ForceDirect measurement of tire/surface forces isnormally accomplished using load cells.7.1.5.1 Load cells provide the most accurate measure of tireforces under dynamic conditions.7.1.5.2 Using specially designed suspensions, load cellbased systems may be
49、 built which are not significantly affectedby body roll of the test vehicle.7.1.5.3 Due to mounting requirements, load cell-based sys-tems typically are not easily transferred between multiplevehicles.8. Selection and Preparation of Test Tires8.1 Ensure that all test tires are approximately the same ageand stored essentially at the same conditions prior to testingunless otherwise specified.8.2 Test tires shall be mounted on Tire and RimAssociation(TRA)5or applicable document,6,7recommended rims by4The sole source of supply of the appara
