1、Designation: F1583 95 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Practice forCommunications ProceduresPhonetics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1583; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Establishment of PhoneticsThis practice covers theestablishment of phonetics (including an alphabet, numerals,and punctuations), and th
3、e procedures for their use, in com-munications.1.2 Performance This practice is intended to facilitate theperformance of communications personnel and systems underadverse communications conditions. This objective is achievedby employing easily recognized and used symbols and proce-dures that are hig
4、hly resistant to errors. This system may beused with speech, print, or other media.1.3 Interoperability This practice is intended to facilitatethe interoperability of communications personnel and systemsamong different organizations, especially if they use differentinternal practices. This system is
5、 also recommended for usewithin any organization for improved internal communicationsand uniformity of operations.1.4 English as Common LanguageThis practice is in-tended for use with English. English has been designated bythe International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) andothers as a common in
6、teroperability language that is widelyused in search and rescue, emergency, and international opera-tions such as aviation, maritime, and military.2. Terminology2.1 The terminology used in this practice is derived fromreferences (1-10).2, 32.2 automatic repeat-request (ARQ)a system of errorcontrol f
7、or information transmission in which the receivingstation is arranged to detect a transmission error and automati-cally transmit a repeat-request signal to the transmittingstation. The transmitting station then retransmits the messageuntil it is either correctly received or the error persists beyond
8、a predetermined number of transmittals.2.3 error correcting codea code in which each symbolconforms to specific rules of construction so that departuresfrom this construction in the received signals can generally beautomatically detected and corrected. If the number of errors isnot greater than the
9、maximum correctable threshold of thecode, all errors are corrected.2.4 error correcting systemin information transmission, asystem employing either forward error correction or automaticrepeat-request techniques or both, such that most transmissionerrors are automatically removed from the data prior
10、todelivery to the user.2.5 forward error correction (FEC)a system of errorcontrol for information transmission wherein the receivingstation has the capability to detect and correct any character ormessage that contains fewer than a predetermined number ofsymbols in error.2.6 interoperabilitythe cond
11、ition achieved among com-munications stations or personnel when information can beexchanged directly and satisfactorily between them or theirusers or both. It is desirable that the exchanges are error free,rapid, and automatic.2.7 phoneticsa system of symbols and procedures that isused to control er
12、rors in communications, validate selectedparts of messages, and enhance the interoperability and perfor-mance of communications personnel and systems.2.8 phonetic alphabeta selected set of phonetic symbolsthat has a one-to-one correspondence to the set of individualletters in a language. Also, any o
13、f various systems of codewords for identifying letters in voice communications.2.9 phonetic punctuationa selected set of phonetic sym-bols that has a one-to-one correspondence to the set ofindividual punctuation in a language.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search a
14、ndRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Management andOperations.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published June 2012. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F1583 95 (2006).DOI: 10.1520/F1583-95R12.2The boldface numbers in parentheses
15、refer to a list of references at the end ofthis practice.3This practice is based on an extensive survey of multiple organizations. Theircommunications documents were consulted to determine or verify compliance andinteroperability among their many known and accepted phonetic systems. Thesedocuments a
16、re hereby referenced.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.10 phonetic numeralsa selected set of phonetic symbolsthat has a one-to-one correspondence to the set of individualnumerals in a language.2.11 phonetic symbola un
17、ique word or combination ofletters that is used as a substitute for, or an addition to, aspecific letter, numeral, or punctuation in a language. It has thecharacteristics of an error correcting code.3. Summary of Practice3.1 Interoperability and PerformanceA set of easily rec-ognized and used symbol
18、s and procedures are established.They are used to control the errors that may be encountered inmessages, to validate selected parts of messages, and toenhance the interoperability and performance of communica-tions personnel and systems. This phonetic system is intendedto be directly interoperable w
19、ith the majority of standardphonetic systems presently employed, both internationally andwithin the United States.3.2 Error Control Error control is accomplished by de-tection of the errors and either prompt correction (based on theavailable information) or a request for another copy (if theinformat
20、ion is inadequate for error correction).4. Significance and Use4.1 Communications Errors and DelaysCommunicationssystems, including their procedures and channels, are subject toerrors due to noise, interference, weak signals, mistakes, andother causes. They are also subject to delays due to theneces
21、sity to detect and correct these errors. There may also beerrors and delays due to the lack of trained and experiencedoperators.4.2 Error Control Phonetics enables the control of errorsthrough error detection, and usually prompt correction, forwords and characters in speech and printed text. It empl
22、oys anerror correcting system of symbols and procedures that arestandardized and easily recognized under adverse or high errorcommunications conditions.4.3 Symbol CharacteristicsThe phonetic alphabet is anerror detecting and correcting code composed of phoneticsymbols that are carefully selected to
23、have distinctive soundsor appearances (or other unique characteristics) that improvedetection under adverse conditions (such as severe noise orhigh errors) and enhance differentiation from each other.4.3.1 Phonetics are inherently language-dependent. ForEnglish text letters, there are 26 phonetic al
24、phabet symbols,that correspond to the 26 letters (from A to Z) that may be usedto compose the words in a message. Additional symbols areused for numerals and punctuations.4.3.2 Phonetic symbols (including an alphabet, numerals,and punctuation) must have unique characteristics as men-tioned above, an
25、d they should not be restricted to only onecommunications media.4.4 Procedures for Error Detection and Correction:4.4.1 Phonetic communications procedures are used tominimize or eliminate information errors and to facilitate thecorrect transmission of messages using trained operators.4.4.2 The phone
26、tic procedures are carefully structured toenable symbol differentiation and error detection based onsimple examination of the received data. Using forward errorcorrection (FEC), in most cases the symbols can be identified,and the errors can be corrected promptly with no additionalinformation.4.4.3 F
27、EC is based on the error detection system, which isusually the more robust of the two. Essentially, in certain poorconditions, it is possible to detect errors even though they maynot be correctable (at the moment).4.5 Procedures for RetransmissionIn most cases, prompterror detection and correction i
28、s achievable through FEC. Ifthis is not possible or acceptable, manual or automatic repeat-request (ARQ) is employed. The process of error detection canbe used to initiate the ARQ and therefore the retransmission ofthe information, such as an additional copy (or copies). Thecopy(ies) may be received
29、 error free or with correctable errors(especially when compared with previous copy(ies).4.6 Use of Non-standard SystemsThis phonetic system isnot intended to prohibit the use of non-standard brevity or errorcontrol systems that are used only internally within any singleorganization. It also does not
30、 preclude the use of additionalmethods for clarity.4.7 Use of Standard SystemsThis phonetic system isintended to be directly interoperable with the majority ofstandard phonetic systems presently employed, both interna-tionally and within the United States, as noted in references(1-9). These standard
31、 systems actually exhibit many variationsamong themselves. Some provide no procedures, and noneinclude all of the symbols presented herein. Of all these knowndocuments, this practice is the only one that presents anexplanation of the phonetic system in terms of modern com-munications technology. To
32、achieve interoperability and per-formance through bona fide standardization, system adminis-trators should consider this comprehensive practice forsuperseding, or revising, these other standard systems.5. Procedure5.1 Phonetic Alphabet:5.1.1 Phonetic Alphabet and PronunciationsTable 1 pres-ents the
33、phonetic alphabet and the pronunciations used in thispractice.5.1.2 Usage of Phonetic AlphabetPhonetic alphabet sym-bols are inserted in text that may be spoken, printed, orotherwise communicated.NOTE 1Examples of the usage of the phonetic alphabet in spoken andprinted text are provided in the secti
34、ons below. The word(s) to be validatedare in bold for clarity. Phonetic pronunciations are included for speech,with a “pause” as indicated:5.1.2.1 Phonetic Alphabet in SpeechFor speech, the pho-netic alphabet symbols are placed adjacent to the word(s) thatare spelled, as follows:(1) Use the word(s)
35、to be spelled;(2) Add “I SPELL” (which indicates the start of phonetics);(3) Spell the word(s) using the phonetic alphabet symbols(with a pause between spelled word(s);(4) Again use the word(s) that were spelled (whichindicates the end of phonetics);(5) Return to normal words for the spoken text tha
36、t follows.F1583 95 (2012)25.1.2.2 For single letters in speech, such as initials in aname, the phonetic alphabet symbols replace the letter(s) thatare spelled, as follows:(1) Note and replace (but do not use) the letter(s);(2) Add “INITIALS” (which indicates the start of phonet-ics);(3) Spell the re
37、placed letter(s) using the phonetic alphabetsymbols (with a pause between spelled letter(s);(4) Return to normal name or words (which indicates theend of phonetics) and continue with the spoken text thatfollows.5.1.2.3 Phonetic Alphabet in Speech, Examples:(1) As an example, the phrase(. respond eme
38、rgency to Xylon St. for a .)would be spoken as follows:“. respond emergency to Xylon pause I SPELL pauseECKS-ray, YANG-key, LEE-mah, OSS-cah, no-VEM-berpause Xylon pauseStreet for a .”(2) As an additional example, the phrase(. reported sight of D.B. Cooper near .)would be spoken as follows:“. report
39、ed sight of pause INITIALS DELL-tah pause BRAH-voh pause Cooper near .”5.1.2.4 Phonetic Alphabet in PrintFor print, the phoneticalphabet symbols are placed (as capital letters) within paren-theses adjacent to the word(s) that are spelled, as follows:(1) Use the word(s) to be spelled;(2) Add the left
40、 parenthesis “(” (which indicates the start ofphonetics);(3) Spell the word(s) using the phonetic alphabet symbols(as capital letters if upper/lower case is available) (with acomma between the spelled words);(4) Add the right parenthesis “)” (which indicates the endof phonetics);(5) Return to normal
41、 words for the printed text that follow.5.1.2.5 Phonetic Alphabet in Print, Examples:(1) As an example, the phrase(. land medevac at Jim and Bob Sts. for .)would be printed as follows:“ . land medevac at Jim (JULIET INDIA MIKE) and Bob(BRAVO OSCAR BRAVO) Streets for .”In this example, the symbols en
42、able validation or correctionof the text, even if they are slightly garbled themselves. (Wasit Jim or Gem or Jem? Was it Bob or Rob or Hob?)(2) As a continued example, the phrase might have beenreceived as follows (with errors “ + ”):“.1+ndmed+v+cat+i+(JUL+E+ +NDIA M + KE)a+d+ob(BR+VO+SCAR B + AVO)
43、S + reets fo + .”Examination of the capitalized phonetic symbols that werereceived (even with errors) enable error correction of theessential words.5.2 Phonetic Numerals:5.2.1 Phonetic Numerals and PronunciationsTable 2presents the phonetic numerals and the pronunciations thatshall be used in this p
44、ractice.5.2.2 Modified Numbers and SequencesCertain specificnumbers or combinations that are easily misunderstood, suchas those ending with “teen” and “ty”, shall not be used. Theyshall be modified for clarity and shall be “spelled out” as digits,as presented in Table 3.5.2.3 Usage of Phonetic Numer
45、alsPhonetic numeral sym-bols are inserted in text that may be spoken, printed, orotherwise, and they may be mixed with letters and punctuation.Examples of the usage of the phonetic numerals in spoken andprinted text are provided in the sections below. The number(s)to be clarified or validated are in
46、 bold for clarity. Phoneticpronunciations are included for speech, with a “pause”asindicated:5.2.3.1 Phonetic Numerals in SpeechFor speech, the pho-netic numeral symbols replace the number(s) that are clarifiedor validated, as follows:(1) Note and replace (but do not use) the number(s);(2) Add “FIGU
47、RES” (which indicates the start of phonet-ics);TABLE 1 Phonetic Alphabet and PronunciationsLetter Symbol PronunciationAA ALFA “AL-fah”B BRAVO “BRAH-voh”C CHARLIE “CHAR-lee”D DELTA “DELL-tah”E ECHO “ECK-oh”F FOXTROT “FOKS-trot”G GOLF “GOLF”H HOTEL “hoh-TELL”I INDIA “IN-dee-ah”J JULIET “JEW-lee-ETT”K
48、KILO “KEY-loh”L LIMA “LEE-mah”M MIKE “MIKE”N NOVEMBER “no-VEM-ber”O OSCAR “OSS-cah”P PAPA “pah-PAH”Q QUEBEC “keh-BECK”R ROMEO “ROW-me-oh”S SIERRA “see-AIR-rah”T TANGO “TANG-go”U UNIFORM “YOU-nee-form”V VICTOR “VIK-tah”W WHISKEY “WISS-key”X XRAY “ECKS-ray”Y YANKEE “YANG-key”Z ZULU “ZOO-loo”AThe pronu
49、nciations are in quotes and CAPITAL letters to indicate the verbalemphasis.TABLE 2 Phonetic Numerals and PronunciationsLetter Symbol PronunciationA0 ZERO “ZEE-roh”1 ONE “WUN”2 TWO “TOO”3 THREE “TREE”4 FOUR “FO-wer”5 FIVE “fi-YEV”6 SIX “SIKS”7 SEVEN “SAY-ven”8 EIGHT “AIT”9 NINE “NIN-er”00 HUNDRED “HUN-dred”000 THOUSAND “THOU-zand”AThe pronunciations are in quotes, and CAPITAL letters indicate the verbalemphasis.F1583 95 (2012)3(3) “Spell” the replaced number(s) using individual pho-netic numeral symbols (with a pause between “spelled” num-ber(s);
