1、Designation: F 1591 95 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forVisual Signals Between Persons on the Ground and inAircraft During Ground Emergencies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the signals to be used betweenpersons on the ground and in a
3、ircraft when two-way voicecommunications cannot be established during ground emergen-cies. Ground signals are limited to land-based ones that do notrequire special equipment. Flare, light, panel, and maritimesignals are specifically excluded.1.2 The signals are divided into two categories: those use
4、dby persons on the ground and those used by aircraft.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility o
5、f regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Document2.1 International Civil Aviation Organization Standard:International Standards and Recommended Practices,Search and Rescue, Annex 12 to the Convention onInternational Civil Aviation23. Significance and Use3.1 While many of the reasons for n
6、eeding the signalscontained in this practice have been overcome by technologydevelopment, situations still arise where voice communicationscannot be established between aircraft and persons on theground during emergencies. This is particularly true of personsin distress, who typically have no commun
7、ications equipment.These signals continue to meet the need for communications.3.2 Most of these signals have been adopted by internationalconvention, the others by civilian and military agencies of theUnited States Government. The signals described in thispractice are intended for use on land and ca
8、n be made withoutspecial equipment such as flares or colored panels. Othersignaling systems are described in the National Search andRescue (SAR) Manual.33.3 The signals are also useful in situations where eithercomplete or partial voice communications exist. Where onlypartial capabilities exist, for
9、 example, a ground unit withreceive-only capability, the aircrew can transmit voice and theground crew can respond with the appropriate signal.3.3.1 The signals described in Section 4, by their nature, arenot intended for real-time communications with aircraft. Theycan be left unattended as messages
10、 for aircrews. Persons on theground (SAR or otherwise) can make a signal and continue onwithout contact with the aircraft. The SAR personnel shouldkeep this in mind when encountering the signals of Fig. 1.3.4 Search and rescue agencies utilizing this practice shoulddisseminate these signals to the p
11、ublic as part of their preven-tative search and rescue (PSAR) efforts. The signals havechanged over the years and a number of publications containobsolete signals.4. Ground-to-Air Signals4.1 Signals for use by either SAR personnel or persons indistress on the ground are shown in Fig. 1.4.1.1 The sig
12、nals in Fig. 1 have been adopted by theConvention on International Civil Aviation. As defined inAnnex 12 to the Convention (see 2.1), these signals are dividedinto those for use by SAR personnel and those for use bypersons in distress. Several of the signals have only beenadopted by certain countrie
13、s.4.1.2 Since the signals are useful regardless of the userssituation or location, this practice includes all of them withoutlimitation. While there may be potential for this to causeconfusion for aircrews seeing the signals, this would be atemporary condition and the aircrews response should not be
14、dependent on the users status. The benefits of unlimited use ofthe signals outweighs any confusion caused by their usecontrary to the Convention.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.02 on Management an
15、dOperations.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as F 1591 95 (2000).2Available from the International Civil Aviation Organization; Document SalesUnit; 1000 Sherbrooke St. West, Suite 400; Montreal, Quebec, C
16、anada H3A 2R2.3National Search and Rescue (SAR) Manual, Vol I, Joint Publication 3-50, Feb.1, 1991. Available from United States Coast Guard; Washington, DC 20953-0001.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 The signals i
17、n Fig. 1 shall have the meanings indicated.They shall be used only for the purpose indicated and no othersignals likely to be confused with them shall be used.4.3 All signals shall be as large as possible in the propor-tions shown in Fig. 2.4.4 The signals shall be made in a manner that contrastswit
18、h the surface on which they are placed. Brush, vegetation,rocks, stones, or surface material can be piled up; trenches dug;soft material stomped down; brush or grass cut down; strips ofmaterial laid out; etc. Materials can be combined, such asstomping out the signal in snow, then filling it in with
19、brush.The signals should have sufficient height or depth so thatshadows will be cast in the shape of the signal to add contrast.4.5 The signals shall be placed in the open away from theobstacles that could block the signals from the view ofoverflying aircraft or that could create shadows on the sign
20、als.4.6 Fires, flares, smoke, mirror flashes, or lights may beused with the signals to attract attention. Attraction should beattempted only if aircraft are known to be in the area, however.4.7 Once a signal has served its intended purpose, it shall bedestroyed if at all possible, to prevent confusi
21、on and additionalsearch effort later.5. Ground-to-Air Body Signals5.1 The signals of Fig. 1 are “messages,” in that they takeconsiderable time to prepare, and so are not suitable for directcommunications when an aircraft is overhead. For real-time orspontaneous communications, the body signals of Fi
22、g. 3 shallbe used.5.1.1 The signals in Fig. 3 shall have the meanings indi-cated. They shall be used only for the purpose indicated and noother signals likely to be confused with them shall be used.5.1.2 The person making the signal shall be in the open andas conspicuous as possible. Clothing worn s
23、hould contrast withthe background. Attraction techniques such as flares, signalmirrors, and smoke can be used to draw the aircrews attention.These devices should not be used once contact has been made,to prevent the signal from being obscured or interfering withthe aircrews vision.5.1.3 The signals
24、in Fig. 3 are recognized by United Statescivil and military authorities but are not part of the Interna-tional Convention. Therefore, their meanings may not berecognized outside the United States.6. Air-to-Ground Signals for Responding to SpecificGround Signals6.1 The following shall indicate that t
25、he aircrew has under-stood the ground signals of Fig. 1 or Fig. 3:FIG. 1 Ground-to-Air SignalsFIG. 2 Minimum Signal Dimensions and Proportions FIG. 3 Ground-to-Air Body SignalsF 1591 95 (2006)26.1.1 During daylight, by rocking the wings (rolling theaircraft) as shown in Fig. 4(a).6.1.2 During darkne
26、ss, by flashing the landing lights or thenavigation lights, or both, on and off.6.1.3 The U.S. military aircraft may flash a green light toacknowledge the ground signal. This is not internationallyrecognized or typically used by civilian aircrews so is pre-sented here for coordination and reference
27、only. This signalshall not be considered part of this practice.6.2 Any of the following shall indicate the aircrew has notunderstood the ground signal:6.2.1 No response in accordance with 6.1.1., 6.1.2,or6.1.3.6.2.2 A complete right-hand circle of the aircraft as shownin Fig. 4(b).6.2.2.1 This posit
28、ive response by the aircraft is an acknowl-edgment that the signal has at least been seen, and is recom-mended over not responding. A lack of aircraft response doesnot indicate to the persons on the ground whether the aircrewmissed the signal or did not understand it. This signal isrecognized by U.S
29、. civil and military authorities but is not partof the International Convention. Therefore, its meaning maynot be recognized outside the United States.6.2.3 The U.S. military aircraft may flash a red light toindicate that the ground signal has not been understood. This isnot internationally recogniz
30、ed or typically used by civilianaircrews so is presented here for coordination and referenceonly. This signal shall not be considered part of this practice.6.3 An affirmative reply to a ground signal shall be indi-cated by raising and lowering the nose of the aircraft (pitching)as shown in Fig. 4(c)
31、.6.4 A negative reply to a ground signal shall be indicated bymoving the nose of the aircraft right and left (yawing) as shownin Fig. 4(d).6.5 The signals of 6.3 and 6.4 are recognized by U.S.civilian and military authorities but are not part of theinternational convention. Therefore, their use may
32、not berecognized outside of the United States.7. Air-to-Ground Signals for Directing Persons on theGround7.1 The following signal, in the sequence listed, shallindicate the persons on the ground are to follow the aircraft or,if already moving, to proceed in a different direction:7.1.1 Circling the g
33、round personnel at least once, and7.1.2 Flying off in the direction to be taken.7.2 To stop a moving ground party, or to initially get itsattention, the following signal shall be used:7.2.1 Crossing ahead of the ground personnel at low alti-tude, and7.2.2 While making this low pass, also rocking the
34、 wings(rolling the aircraft), or opening and closing the throttle, orchanging the propeller pitch, or some combination thereof.7.3 To indicate that the aircraft is no longer able to assist thepersons on the ground, or to cancel the response of groundSAR personnel, the following signal shall be used:
35、7.3.1 Crossing behind the ground personnel at low altitude,and7.3.2 While making this low pass, also rocking the wings(rolling the aircraft), or opening and closing the throttle, orchanging the propeller pitch, or some combination thereof.7.4 The signals of 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3 may be repeated until th
36、eground parties comply.8. Keywords8.1 aircraft; communications; distress; emergencies;ground; search; signals; visualASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly
37、advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, eit
38、her reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend
39、. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. 4 Air-to-Ground SignalsF 1591 95 (2006)3
