1、Designation: F1642/F1642M 17Standard Test Method forGlazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1642/F1642M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONHistorical records show that fragments from glazing that have failed as the result of intentional oraccidental exp
3、losions present a serious threat of personal injury. Glazing failure also allows blastpressure to enter the interior of buildings thus resulting in additional threat of personal injury andfacility damage. These risks increase in direct proportion to the amount of glazing used on the buildingfacade.
4、This test method addresses only glazing and glazing systems. It assumes that the designer hasverified that other structural elements have been adequately designed to resist the anticipated airblastpressures.1. Scope1.1 This test method sets forth procedures for the evaluationof hazards of glazing or
5、 glazing systems against airblastloadings. The specifying authority shall provide the airblastloading parameters. Glazing systems shall be as defined inSpecification F2912.1.2 The data obtained from testing under this method shallbe used to determine the glazing, glazing system, or glazingretrofit s
6、ystem hazard rating using Specification F2912.1.3 This test method allows for glazing to be tested andrated with or without framing systems.1.4 This test method is designed to test and rate all glazing,glazing systems, and glazing retrofit systems including, but notlimited to, those fabricated from
7、glass, plastic, glass-cladplastics, laminated glass, glass/plastic glazing materials, or-ganic coated glass, and other glazing retrofit systems notdirectly attached to the glazing or glazing system such as blastcurtains, cables, shades, and architectural mesh.1.5 UnitsThe values stated in either SI
8、units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-formance with the standard. For conversion of q
9、uantities invarious systems of measurements to SI units, see SpecificationE699.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and dete
10、rmine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 forspecific hazards statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E699 Specification forAgencies Involved in Testing, QualityAssurance, and Evaluating of Manufactured BuildingComponentsE997 Test Method for Evaluat
11、ing Glass Breakage Probabil-ity Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by ProofLoad TestingF2912 Specification for Glazing and Glazing Systems Sub-ject to Airblast Loadings2.2 ISO Standard:ISO/IEC International Standard 17025 General Require-ments for the Competence of Testing and CalibrationLa
12、boratories2.3 ANSI Standard:SI 10 American National Standard for Use of the Interna-tional System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 airblast pressure, npressure increase that a surfaceexperiences due to the detonation of an explosive charge.1This test method
13、is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on SecuritySystems and Equipmentand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.10 onSystems Products and Services.Current edition approved March 1, 2017. Published March 2017. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as
14、F1642 12. DOI:10.1520/F1642_F1642M-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Internat
15、ional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Gui
16、des and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.1.1 DiscussionThe airblast pressure history, as mea-sured at a point on the surface, consists of two separate phases.The positive phase is characterized by a nearly instantaneousrise to a
17、maximum pressure followed by an exponential decayto ambient pressure. In the negative phase, which followsimmediately the positive phase, the pressure decreases belowambient for a period of time before returning to ambient.3.1.2 ambient temperature, n24 6 11C 75 6 20F.3.1.3 blast mat, nsteel or conc
18、rete pad upon which that anexplosive may be detonated to reduce the incidence of ejecta.3.1.4 effective positive phase duration, T, nduration of anidealized triangular positive phase reflected airblast pressurehistory, having an instantaneous rise to the measured P, with alinear decay to ambient, su
19、ch that the impulse of the idealizedpressure history equals i of the measured positive phasereflected airblast history.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe idealized triangular airblast waveis considered to provide a standard measure of the positivephase airblast intensity.3.1.5 hazard level, nrating assigned to t
20、he performance ofthe glazing system based on the amount and location of integralmaterials expelled from the system under specific blast condi-tions of the test.3.1.6 peak positive pressure, P, nmaximum measuredpositive phase airblast pressure, kPa.3.1.7 positive phase impulse, i, nintegral of the me
21、asuredpositive phase reflected airblast pressure history, kPa-ms psi-ms (more correctly called the specific positive phase impulse).3.1.8 simply supported glazing, nglazing supported inaccordance with Test Method E997 with the edges of the glassextending a minimum of 3 mm 0.125 in. beyond the neopre
22、nesupports.3.1.9 test director, nindividual identified by the indepen-dent testing laboratory as being responsible to complete thespecified tests as required and to document the results inaccordance with this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method prescribes the apparatus, procedu
23、res,specimens, and other requirements necessary to execute aphysical test for the purpose of determining the hazard ratingfor a single test specimen, in accordance with SpecificationF2912, of a glazing or glazing system subjected to an airblastloading.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method prov
24、ides a structured procedure toestablish the hazard rating of glazing, glazing systems, andglazing retrofit systems subjected to an airblast loading. Know-ing the hazard rating provides the ability to assess the risk ofpersonal injury and facility damage.5.2 The hazard rating for a glazing or glazing
25、 material doesnot imply that a single specimen will resist the specific airblastfor which it is rated with a probability of 1.0. The probabilitythat a single glazing or glazing construction specimen willresist the specific airblast for which it is rated increasesproportionally with the number of tes
26、t specimens that success-fully resist the given level of airblast to the hazard level forwhich it is rated.6. Apparatus6.1 Test FacilityTest facilities shall be accredited for thismethod to the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 or qualifiedaccording to Specification E699. The test facility shall consist
27、of either a shock tube or an open-air arena from which theairblast loading is generated. The test facility shall also consistof a test frame and witness area as described in the following.The test director shall ensure that potential environmentalimpact issues are determined and resolved before test
28、ing. Thetest director shall ensure that testing is conducted with inboardand outboard surfaces of the test specimen at ambient tempera-ture in accordance with 3.1.2.6.2 Airblast LoadEither a shock tube or an explosivecharge shall be used to generate the desired peak pressure andthe positive phase im
29、pulse on the test specimen. If an explosivecharge is used, the charge shall be hemispherical and detonatedeither at ground level or elevated by placing the explosive ona table. Elevation of the base of the explosive shall be between60 and 120 cm 24 and 48 in. above the ground where theexplosive will
30、 be detonated. Other explosive charge configu-rations can be used. The effects of using other explosive chargeconfigurations must be accounted for and documented. SeeAnnex A1 for information to be used in calculating pressures,impulses, and durations and for accounting for different typesof explosiv
31、es. Note that the procedures in Annex A1 accountfor loading from a hemispherical charge imparting load on alarge facade and do not address the issues of clearing or otherexplosive charge shapes.6.3 Blast MatIf there is a possibility of crater ejectainterfering with the test, the explosive charge sha
32、ll be placed ona blast mat. The decision to use a blast mat shall be at thediscretion of the test director.6.4 Test FrameA test frame suitable for supporting glaz-ing or glazing systems shall be part of the test facility. Glazingtested without a specific framing system shall be, as aminimum, support
33、ed in a simple support subframe that isattached to the test frame.At the request of a test sponsor, othersubframe support conditions may be used. If a glazing systemis tested, the glazing system shall be mounted to the test framein a manner that closely models the manner in which it will bemounted i
34、n the field. The test frame shall be capable ofresisting the airblast loads with deflections that do not exceedL/360 along lines of support for the simple support subframe orthe glazing system. The area immediately behind the testspecimens shall be designated as the witness area. For arenatesting, t
35、he witness area shall be enclosed to prevent airblastpressure from wrapping behind the test specimens and shall bedesigned to resist the wrap around pressures.6.5 Simple Support SubframeA subframe, attachable tothe test frame, to support glazing in accordance with TestMethod E997.6.6 Witness AreaThe
36、 witness area shall have the followingdimensions. The floor shall be 500 6 50 mm 20 6 2 in.F1642/F1642M 172below the subframe opening used to receive the glazing orglazing system, unless the specifying authority dictates that theglazing or glazing system shall be tested per its position in abuilding
37、. The ceiling shall be a minimum of 10 cm 4 in. fromthe top of the subframe opening used to receive the glazing orglazing system. The sides shall be a minimum of 10 cm 4 in.from the subframe opening used to receive the glazing orglazing system. The back wall of the witness area shall be 3.06 0.15 m
38、120 6 6 in. from the interior glazing face of thespecimen. See Fig. 1 for a cross section through the witnessarea. Refer to Specification F2912 for discussion on hazardzones shown in Fig. 1.NOTE 1For doors, curtain wall, storefront, or window wall systemsthat may span slab to slab, the witness area
39、shall include a floor at thespecified finished floor level for each level. And, the back wall of thewitness area shall be 3.0 6 0.15 m 120 6 6 in. from the most interiorglazing face of the specimen at all levels.6.7 Instrumentation:6.7.1 Pressure TransducersThe airblast pressure trans-ducer shall be
40、 capable of defining the anticipated airblastpressure history within the linear range of the transducer. Thetransducers shall have a rise/response time and resolutionsufficient to capture the complete event. Limited low frequencyresponse transducers shall have a discharge time constant equalto appro
41、ximately 30 to 50 times the initial positive phaseduration of the anticipated airblast pressure history.6.7.2 Data Acquisition System (DAS)The DAS shall con-sist of either an analog or digital recording system with asufficient number of channels to accommodate the pressuretransducers and any other e
42、lectronic measuring devices. TheDAS shall operate at a sufficiently high frequency to recordreliably the peak positive pressure. The DAS shall alsoincorporate filters to preclude alias frequency effects from thedata.6.7.3 Photographic EquipmentPhotographic equipmentshall be available to document the
43、 test.6.7.4 Temperature Measuring Device (TMD)ATMD shallbe used to accurately measure glazing surface temperatures.6.7.5 Witness PanelsA witness panel for glazing or glaz-ing systems being tested shall be mounted parallel to and at adistance no greater than 3.0 6 0.15 m 120 6 6 in. from theinterior
44、face of the specimens. The witness panel shall coverthe entire back wall of the witness area and shall consist of twolayers of material. The witness panel shall consist of a rearlayer of 25 mm 1 in. extruded Styrofoam with a density of24.8 to 32.0 kg/m31.855 to 2.0 lb/ft3 and a front layerconsisting
45、 of 12.5 mm 0.5 in. rigid foam plastic thermalinsulation board composed of polyisocyanurate foam bondedto a durable white-matte non-glare aluminum facer and areflective reinforced aluminum facer. The reflective surfaceshall be placed toward the window glazing. The insulationboard shall have a densit
46、y of 32.0 kg/m32.0 lb/ft3. Thereflective reinforced facer shall be 0.008 cm 0.003 in. thickand shall be reinforced through lamination to Kraft paper. Toaccommodate high-speed photography, a hole no greater than10 by 10 cm 4 by 4 in. may be made in the upper or lowerone-ninth quadrants of the witness
47、 panel.6.7.6 Other instrumentation such as deflection measuringdevices can also be used if requested by the specifyingauthority.7. Hazards7.1 Storage, handling, and detonation of high explosivematerial shall be conducted in accordance with applicablestatutes and regulations by experienced profession
48、als qualifiedby an appropriate government agency to handle explosives.7.2 The operation of a shock tube shall be conducted byexperienced personnel regularly engaged in the operation ofthe equipment.FIG. 1 Cross Section Through Witness AreaF1642/F1642M 1738. Specimens8.1 The test sponsor shall provid
49、e the test specimens. Inaddition, the test sponsor shall provide complete specimendocumentation, to include, but not be limited to, drawings andmaterial specifications. In addition, strength certifications foreach component used in the load path of the glazing productshall be provided.8.2 The test director shall ensure that the test specimens arehandled and stored in compliance with manufacturers instruc-tions.8.3 Each specimen shall be marked indelibly with themanufacturers model and serial numbers and the date ofmanufac
