1、Designation: F1642 12Standard Test Method forGlazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1642; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONHistorical records show that fragments from glazing that has failed as the result of intentional oraccidental explosions present
3、 a serious threat of personal injury. Glazing failure also allows blastpressure to enter the interior of buildings thus resulting in additional threat of personal injury andfacility damage. These risks increase in direct proportion to the amount of glazing used on the buildingfacade. This test metho
4、d addresses only glazing and glazing systems. It assumes that the designer hasverified that other structural elements have been adequately designed to resist the anticipated airblastpressures.1. Scope1.1 This test method sets forth procedures for the evaluationof hazards of glazing or glazing system
5、s against airblastloadings. The specifying authority shall provide the airblastloading parameters.1.2 The data obtained from testing under this method shallbe used to determine the glazing or glazing system hazardrating using Specification F2912.1.3 This test method allows for glazing to be tested a
6、ndrated with or without framing systems.1.4 This test method is designed to test and rate all glazing,glazing systems, and glazing retrofit systems including, but notlimited to, those fabricated from glass, plastic, glass-cladplastics, laminated glass, glass/plastic glazing materials, andfilm-backed
7、 glass.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. Values given in parentheses are for information only.For conversion of quantities in various systems of measure-ments to SI units, see E699.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, ass
8、ociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 7 forspecific hazards statements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E699 Pract
9、ice for Evaluation of Agencies Involved inTesting, Quality Assurance, and Evaluating of BuildingComponentsE997 Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass inExterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under theInfluence of Uniform Static Loads by Destructive Meth-odsF2912 Specification for Glazin
10、g and Glazing Systems Sub-ject to Airblast Loadings2.2 ISO Standard:ISO/IEC International Standard 17025 General Require-ments for the Competence of Testing and CalibrationLaboratories2.3 ANSI Standard:SI 10 American National Standard for Use of the Interna-tional System of Units (SI): The Modern Me
11、tric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 airblast pressurethe pressure increase that a sur-face experiences due to the detonation of a high explosivecharge.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe airblast pressure history, as mea-sured at a point on the surface, consists of two separate phases.The positive phas
12、e is characterized by a nearly instantaneousrise to a maximum pressure followed by an exponential decayto ambient pressure. In the negative phase, which follows1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on SecuritySystems and Equipmentand is the direct responsibility of Subcom
13、mittee F12.10 onSystems Products and Services.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2012. Published January 2013. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F1642 04(2010).DOI: 10.1520/F1642-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact AST
14、M Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1immediately the positive phase
15、, the pressure decreases belowambient for a period of time before returning to ambient.3.1.2 ambient temperature24 6 11C (75 6 20F).3.1.3 blast mata steel or concrete pad upon which highexplosive may be detonated to reduce the incidence of ejecta.3.1.4 effective positive phase duration (T)the durati
16、on ofan idealized triangular positive phase reflected airblast pressurehistory, having an instantaneous rise to the measured P, with alinear decay to ambient, such that the impulse of the idealizedpressure history equals i of the measured positive phasereflected airblast history.3.1.4.1 DiscussionTh
17、e idealized triangular airblast waveis considered to provide a reliable standard measure of thepositive phase airblast intensity.3.1.5 hazard levelrating assigned to the performance ofthe glazing system based on the amount and location of integralmaterials expelled from the system under specific bla
18、st condi-tions of the test.3.1.6 peak positive pressure (P)the maximum measuredpositive phase airblast pressure, kPa.3.1.7 positive phase impulse (i)the integral of the mea-sured positive phase reflected airblast pressure history, kPa-ms(psi-ms) (more correctly called the specific positive phaseimpu
19、lse).3.1.8 simply supported glazingglazing supported in accor-dance with Test Method E997 with the edges of the glassextending a minimum of 3-mm (0.125-in.) beyond the neo-prene supports.3.1.9 test directorthe individual identified by the indepen-dent testing laboratory as being responsible to compl
20、ete thespecified tests as required and to document the results, inaccordance with this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 4.1 This test method prescribes the apparatus,procedures, specimens, and other requirements necessary toexecute a physical test for the purpose of determining thehazard rat
21、ing for a single test specimen, in accordance withSpecification F2912, of a glazing or glazing system subjectedto an airblast loading.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a structured procedure toestablish the hazard rating of glazing and glazing systemssubjected to an airblast loadi
22、ng. Knowing the hazard ratingprovides the ability to assess the risk of personal injury andfacility damage.5.2 The hazard rating for a glazing or glazing material doesnot imply that a single specimen will resist the specific airblastfor which it is rated with a probability of 1.0. The probabilitytha
23、t a single glazing or glazing construction specimen willresist the specific airblast for which it is rated increasesproportionally with the number of test specimens that success-fully resist the given level of airblast to the hazard level forwhich it is rated.6. Apparatus6.1 Test FacilityTest facili
24、ties shall be accredited for thismethod to the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 or qualifiedaccording to Practice E699. The test facility shall consist ofeither a shock tube or an open-air arena from which the airblastloading is generated. The test facility shall also consist of a testframe and witness
25、 area as described below. The test directorshall ensure that potential environmental impact issues aredetermined and resolved prior to testing. The test director shallensure that testing is conducted with inboard and outboardsurfaces of the test specimen at ambient temperature inaccordance with 3.1.
26、1.6.2 Airblast LoadEither a shock tube or a high explosivecharge shall be used to generate the desired peak pressure andthe positive phase impulse on the test specimen. If an explosivecharge is used, the charge shall be hemispherical and detonatedeither at ground level or elevated by placing the exp
27、losive ona table. Elevation of the base of the explosive shall be between60 cm (24 in.) and 120 cm (48 in.) above the ground where theexplosive will be detonated. Other explosive charge configu-rations can be used. The effects of using other explosive chargeconfigurations must be accounted for and d
28、ocumented. SeeAnnex A1 for information to be used in calculating pressures,impulses, and durations, and for accounting for different typesof explosives. Note that the procedures in Annex A1 accountfor loading from a hemispherical charge imparting load on alarge facade and do not address the issues o
29、f clearing or otherexplosive shapes.6.3 Blast MatIf there is a possibility of crater ejectainterfering with the test, the explosive charge shall be placed ona blast mat. The decision to use a blast mat shall be at thediscretion of the test director.6.4 Test FrameA test frame suitable for supporting
30、glaz-ing or glazing systems shall be part of the test facility. Glazingtested without a specific framing system shall be, as aminimum, supported in a simple support subframe that isattached to the test frame.At the request of a test sponsor, othersubframe support conditions may be used. If a glazing
31、 systemis tested, the glazing system shall be mounted to the test framein a manner that closely models the manner in which it will bemounted in the field. The test frame shall be capable ofresisting the airblast loads with deflections that do not exceedL/360 along lines of support for the simple sup
32、port subframe orthe glazing system. The area immediately behind the testspecimens shall be designated as the witness area. For arenatesting, the witness area shall be enclosed to prevent airblastpressure from wrapping behind the test specimens, and shall bedesigned to resist the wrap around pressure
33、s.6.5 Simple Support SubframeA subframe, attachable tothe test frame, to support glazing in accordance with TestMethod E997.6.6 Witness AreaThe witness area shall have the followingdimensions. The floor shall be 500 6 50 mm (20 6 2 in.)below the subframe opening used to receive the glazing orglazing
34、 system, unless the specifying authority dictates that theglazing or glazing system shall be tested per its position in aF1642 122building. The ceiling shall be a minimum of 10 cm (4 in.) fromthe top of the subframe opening used to receive the glazing orglazing system. The sides shall be a minimum o
35、f 10 cm (4 in.)from the subframe opening used to receive the glazing orglazing system. The back wall of the witness area shall be 3.06 0.15 m (120 6 6 in.) from the interior glazing face of thespecimen.6.6.1 DiscussionFor doors, curtain wall, storefront orwindow wall systems that may span slab to sl
36、ab, the witnessarea shall include a floor at the specified finished floor level foreach level. And, the back wall of the witness area shall be 3.06 0.15 m (120 6 6 in.) from the most interior glazing face ofthe specimen at all levels.6.7 Instrumentation:6.7.1 Pressure TransducersThe airblast pressur
37、e trans-ducer shall be capable of defining the anticipated airblastpressure history within the linear range of the transducer. Thetransducers shall have a rise/response time and resolutionsufficient to capture the complete event. Limited low frequencyresponse transducers shall have a discharge time
38、constant equalto approximately 30 to 50 times the initial positive phaseduration of the anticipated airblast pressure history.6.7.2 Data Acquisition System (DAS)The DAS shall con-sist of either an analog or digital recording system with asufficient number of channels to accommodate the pressuretrans
39、ducers and any other electronic measuring devices. TheDAS must operate at a sufficiently high frequency to recordreliably the peak positive pressure. The DAS shall alsoincorporate filters to preclude alias frequency effects from thedata.6.7.3 Photographic EquipmentPhotographic equipmentshall be avai
40、lable to document the test.6.7.4 Temperature Measuring Device (TMD)ATMD shallbe used to accurately measure glazing surface temperatures.6.7.5 Witness PanelsA witness panel for glazing or glaz-ing systems being tested shall be mounted parallel to and at adistance no greater than 3.0 6 0.15 m (120 6 6
41、 in.) from theinterior face of the specimens. The witness panel shall coverthe entire back wall of the witness area and shall consist of twolayers of material. The witness panel shall consist of a rearlayer of 25-mm (1-in.) extruded Styrofoam with a density of28.0 kg/m3(1.8 lb/ft3) to 32.0 kg/m3(2.0
42、 lb/ft3) and a frontlayer consisting of 12.5-mm (0.5-in.) rigid foam plastic thermalinsulation board composed of polyisocyanurate foam bondedto a durable white-matte non-glare aluminum facer and areflective reinforced aluminum facer. The reflective surfaceshall be placed toward the window glazing. T
43、he insulationboard shall have a density of 32.0 kg/m3(2.0 lb/ft3). Thereflective reinforced facer shall be 0.008-cm (0.003-in.) thickand shall be reinforced through lamination to Kraft paper. Toaccommodate high-speed photography, a hole no greater than10 by 10 cm (4 by 4 in.) may be made in the uppe
44、r or lowerone-ninth quadrants of the witness panel.7. Hazards7.1 Storage, handling, and detonation of high explosivematerial or the operation of a shock tube shall be conducted inaccordance with applicable state and federal statutes andregulations by experienced professionals qualified by a U.S.gove
45、rnment agency to handle explosives.8. Specimens8.1 The test sponsor shall provide the test specimens. Inaddition the test sponsor shall provide complete specimendocumentation, to include but not be limited to drawings andmaterial specifications. In addition, strength certifications foreach component
46、 used in the load path of the glazing productshall be provided.8.2 The test director shall ensure that the test specimens arehandled and stored in compliance with manufacturers instruc-tions.8.3 Each specimen shall be marked indelibly with themanufacturers model and serial numbers and the date ofman
47、ufacture.8.4 Each specimen shall be marked clearly to indicate itsproper orientation to the explosive charge.8.5 Glazing systems shall be installed per manufacturersinstructions.9. Preparation of Apparatus and Specimens9.1 Instrumentation:9.1.1 For arena tests, three pressure transducers shall beins
48、talled on the test frame or on a transducer panel of the samesize as the test frame and located and oriented in the samemanner as the test frame. The pressure transducers shall beflush with the surface of the test frame or transducer panel. Fortest frames capable of supporting multiple specimens, th
49、etransducers shall be located on the horizontal centerline of thetest specimens at a distance from the edge of the test specimensnot to exceed one half the shortest dimension of the specimen.For test frames capable of holding only a single specimen, twotransducers shall be located on the horizontal centerline of thespecimen and one at the top of the vertical centerline of thespecimen. The distance from the edge of the test specimen shallnot exceed one half the shortest dimension of the specimen.9.1.2 For shock tube tests, two pressure transducers shall be
