1、Designation: F 1646 05e1An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toSafety and Traction for Footwear1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1646; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in September 2005.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard covers terminology us
3、ed insafety and traction for footwear and related material.1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries arenot included. Included are words that are particular to thisindustry.NOTE 1The following standards are currently under the jurisdictionof ASTM Committee F13 on Safety and Traction for
4、Footwear and areincluded in 2.1: Test Methods F 489, F 609, and F 694; Practices F 695and F 1637; and Guides F 802 and F 1240.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 5859 Test Method for Determining the Traction of Foot-wear on Painted Surfaces Using the Variable IncidenceTesterF 489 Test Metho
5、d for Using a James Machine2F 609 Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pull Slipmeter(HPS)F 694 Test Method for Heel-Attaching Strength of Wom-ens ShoesF 695 Practice for Ranking of Test Data Obtained forMeasurement of Slip Resistance of Footwear Sole, Heel, orRelated MaterialsF 802 Guide for Selectio
6、n of Certain Walkway SurfacesWhen Considering Footwear TractionF 1240 Guide for Ranking Footwear Bottom Materials onContaminated Walkway Surfaces According to Slip Resis-tance Test ResultsF 1637 Practice for Safe Walking SurfacesF 1694 Guide for Composing Walkway Surface Evaluationand Incident Repor
7、t Forms for Slips, Stumbles, Trips andFalls3. Terminologyadhesion, nthe tendency of one surface to adhere to anothersurface prior to movement due to dwell time, as well as otherfactors.arch, nthe bony framework of the foot extending from theheel to the toes and sustained by the muscles and ligaments
8、in the form of an arch. Also, the bottom curve of a shoe lastfrom heel to ball.barefoot, adv or adjwith the feet uncovered or unclothed;without shoes or stockings.bollard, na thick, low, short, post, often of iron or steel andusually used in series, provided for the purpose of excludingor diverting
9、motor vehicles from a road, lawn, or path.F 1637breast, nthe forward or front face of a shoe heel.carpet, npermanently secured fibrous floor covering.DISCUSSIONArea rugs, mats, and runners are not considered to becarpet for the purpose of this practice. F 1637clean, nfree from visible or tactile con
10、tamination.coating, na layer of any substance intentionally applied to asurface to modify its functional or decorative characteristics.coefficient-of-friction (COF or ), na dimensionless num-ber: the ratio of two forces acting at the interface of twocontacting solid bodies. The force used in the num
11、erator isparallel to the surfaces and the force used in the denominatoris perpendicular (normal) to the surfaces. See also dynamiccoeffcient of friction.coefficient of friction (COF), nthe ratio of the horizontalcomponent of force (parallel to the walkway surface andpassing through the tester center
12、 of gravity) required toovercome the friction to the normal component of thevertical force (weight) of the object. D 5859coefficient of friction, nthe ratio of the frictional force to theforce, usually gravitational, acting perpendicular to the twosurfaces in contact. This coefficient is a measure o
13、f therelative difficulty with which the surface of one material willslide over an adjoining surface of itself, or of another1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F13 onPedestrian/Walkway Safety and Footwear and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F13.91 on Editorial a
14、nd Terminology.Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F 1646 03e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
15、ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.material. The static or starting coefficient of friction (s)isrelated to the force meas
16、ured to begin movement of thesurfaces relative to each other. The kinetic or slidingcoefficient of friction (k) is related to the force measured insustaining this movement. F 489contaminant, nany substance between and not a part ofeither of the two surfaces; contaminant, contaminating,contamination.
17、contamination, nany undesirable solid or liquid materialthat rests upon a surface or exists between two matingsurfaces; contaminant, contaminating.contra lateral, adjlocated, occurring, or acting on theopposite side of the body.cross slope, nthe slope of a pedestrian walkway that isperpendicular to
18、the direction of travel. F 1637dwell time, nthe duration of time beginning at the instant atribometers test foot is placed upon the surface to be tested,and ending at the instant a shear force is applied to thesensor.dynamic coefficient of friction (DCOF), n a coefficient offriction, d, obtained dur
19、ing relative translation between twocontacting solid bodies; used interchangeably with kineticcoeffcient of friction.element, nan identifiable part of an architectural component,for example, a stair handrail, tread, riser, or landing.F 1637fair, adja smooth transition between adjacent surfaces.F 163
20、7fall, nundesirable descent due to the force of gravity, usuallyfrom a standing posture or during ambulation, to a lowerlevel, usually the ground or floor.fit, nthe ability of the shoe or hosiery to conform to the size,width, shape, and proportion of the foot.floor surface, nSee walkway surface.foot
21、wear, nwearing apparel for the feet (such as shoes,boots, slippers, or overshoes), excluding hosiery.footwear, nshoes, including boots, sandals, slippers, or foulweather gear such as overshoes and rubbers, or a combina-tion thereof. F 1637foreseeable pedestrian path, nany place where a pedestriancou
22、ld reasonably be expected to walk. F 1637foxing, na piece of material applied to the upper or extend-ing around the outsole of a boot or shoe.friction, nresistance to the relative motion of one bodysliding, rolling, or flowing over another with which it is incontact.friction, nthe resistance develop
23、ed between the physicallycontacting surfaces of two bodies when there is a movementor attempted movement of one body relative to the otherparallel to the plane of contact. D 5859friction, nthe resisting force that arises when a surface ofone substance slides, or tends to slide, over an adjoiningsurf
24、ace of itself or another substance. Between surfaces ofsolids in contact there may be two kinds of friction: (1) theresistance opposing the force required to start to move onesurface over another, and (2) the resistance opposing theforce required to move one surface over another at avariable, fixed,
25、 or predetermined speed. F 489heel, na solid part of a shoe or boot projecting downwardand attached to or forming the back part of the sole under theheel of the foot.heel breast, nthe forward or front face of a shoe heel.heel seat, nthe part of a shoe to which the heel is attached.hosiery, nany cove
26、ring of the foot not intended for groundcontact during ambulation, such as socks, stockings, etc.insole, nthat part of the shoe which is between the foot andthe outsole, and to which the upper is fastened duringmanufacture. It may or may not be covered on the foot sideby an aesthetic material referr
27、ed to as a socklining. F 694ipsilateral, adjlocated, occurring, or acting on the same sideof the body.mudguard, na strip of material applied to a shoe upper justabove the sole intended as a protection against dampness oras an ornament.outsole, nthe bottom sole of the shoe, the surface of whichis exp
28、osed to wear. F 694pedestrian, na person using legs or leg surrogates (forexample, prosthetic limbs, crutches, etc.) as the principalmechanism for locomotion.planar, adjflat. F 1637pricker points, nin testing footwear, a modification of thefoot form in which needle points of steel18 in. (3.2 mm)long
29、 are used to prevent vertical movement of the testspecimen. F 694quarter, none side of the upper of a shoe or boot from heelto vamp.ramp, na walkway surface that has a slope steeper than 1:20(5 %). F 1637shank, nthe steel or wood piece inserted in the arch of theshoe for reinforcement. F 694shankboa
30、rd, nthe back part of the insole which is fabricatedfrom a firm fibreboard. It is contoured to the arch of the footfor support. F 694SIC, nStandard Industrial Classification, as referenced inStandard Industrial Classification, Office of Statistical Stan-dards, Executive Office of the President, Offi
31、ce of Manage-ment and Budget, U.S. Department of Commerce. F 1694sidewalk, na paved surface, such as concrete or asphalt,usually parallel and adjacent to streets. F 1637slip, na term denoting lubricity of two surfaces sliding incontact with each other. In a sense, it is the antithesis offriction in
32、that high coefficient of friction denotes low slipand low coefficient of friction high slip. F 489slip resistance, nthe relative force that resists the tendencyof the shoe or foot to slide along the walkway surface. Slipresistance is related to a combination of factors including thewalkway surface,
33、the footwear bottom, and the presence offoreign materials between them.DISCUSSIONSlip resistance is dependent upon many factors, such asmaterial and condition of the walkway surface, material and conditionof the shoe sole or heel material, the physical abilities of the user, theattempted or proposed
34、 activities of the user, the presence of anycontaminants on any or both of the surfaces, and other factors.F 1637F164605e12slip resistant, nthe provision of adequate slip resistance toreduce the likelihood of slip for pedestrians using reasonablecare on the walking surface under expected use conditi
35、ons.F 1637static slip resistance, nthe force required to cause one bodyin contact with another to begin to move. This force isgenerally proportional to the perpendicular force betweenthe surfaces; the ratio of the former to the latter is called thecoefficient of friction. The ratio (with the decimal
36、 pointmoved one place to the right) is used to designate slip indexas measured by the Horizontal Pull Slipmeter. F 609surface characteristics, na set of terms considered to be theminimum needed to precisely describe the condition of asurface especially regarding slip resistance (material, con-tamina
37、tion, slope, texture, hardness, coating, temperature).top lift, nthe top or outer layer or wearing surface of leather,rubber, plastic, or composition on the heel of a shoe.F 694upper, nthe parts of a shoe or boot that are above the sole.walkway, nwalking surfaces constructed for pedestrian us-age in
38、cluding floors, ramps, walks, sidewalks, stair treads,parking lots and similar paved areas that may be reasonablyforeseeable as pedestrian paths. Natural surfaces such asfields, playing fields, paths, walks, or footpaths, or a com-bination thereof, are not included. F 1637walkway surface, na structu
39、re intended to be used by aperson attempting to walk.walkway surface hardware, nincludes manhole covers,cellar doors used as walking surfaces, junction box covers,cleanout covers, hatches, sidewalk elevator covers, sewergrates, utility covers, and similar elements that pedestrianscan reasonably be e
40、xpected to walk on. F 16374. AcronymsCOFcoefficient of frictionDCOFdynamic coefficient of frictionSCOFstatic coefficient of frictionThis standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or wi
41、thdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that y
42、our comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F164605e13
