1、Designation: F 1687 97 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Guide forTerminology and Indices to Describe Oiling Conditions onShorelines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the standardized terminology andtypes of observational data and indices appropriate t
3、o describethe quantity, nature, and distribution of oil and physical oilingconditions on shorelines that have been contaminated by an oilspill.1.2 This guide does not address the mechanisms and fieldprocedures by which the necessary data are gathered; nor doesit address terminology used to describe
4、the cultural resource orecological character of oiled shorelines, spill monitoring, orcleanup techniques.1.3 This guide applies to marine shorelines (includingestuaries) and may also be used in freshwater environments(rivers and lakes).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestand
5、ard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
6、bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1686 Guide for Surveys to Document and Assess OilingConditions on Shorelines3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 asphalt pavementa naturally formed cohesive mix-ture of weathered oil and sediments. Sediments in
7、 the mixtureare usually in the sand/granule/pebble size range. In appear-ance, natural asphalt pavement may resemble the mixtureartificially created to surface roads.3.1.2 lower-swash zonethe area between the lowest an-nual water level and the mean annual water level, the lowerhalf (approximate) of
8、the zone of wave activity.3.1.3 supra-swash zonethe area above the highest annualwater level that experiences wave activity only occasionally, asduring a storm event.3.1.4 supra-tidal zonethe area above the mean high tidethat experiences wave activity occasionally.3.1.5 upper-swash zonethe area betw
9、een the highest an-nual water level and the mean annual water level, the upperhalf (approximate) of the zone of wave activity.3.1.6 weathered oilthe oil that has had an alteration ofphysical or chemical properties, or both, through naturalprocesses such as evaporation, dissolution, oxidation, emulsi
10、-fication, and biodegradation.4. Significance and Use4.1 In order to ensure data consistency, it is important to usestandardized terminology and definitions in describing oilingconditions. This guide provides a template for that purpose.4.2 Data on oiling conditions at a shoreline are needed toprovi
11、de an accurate perspective of the nature and scale of theoiling problem and to facilitate spill-response planning anddecision making. Data on oiling conditions would be used inassessing the need for cleanup actions, selecting the mostappropriate response technique(s), determining priorities forclean
12、up, and evaluating the endpoint of cleanup activities.4.3 Mechanisms by which data are collected may vary (seeGuide F 1686).3,4They may include aerial videotape surveysor ground-level assessment surveys. The composition andresponsibility of the survey team will depend on the response1This guide is u
13、nder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.17 on Shoreline Countermasters.Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1997. Published April 1997. Originallypublished as F 1687 96. Last previous edition F 1687 96
14、.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Oilspill SCAT Manual for the Coastlines of British Columbia
15、, Prepared byWoodward-Clyde Consultants, Seattle for the Environmental Technology Branch,Environment Canada, Edmonton, Alta., 1992.4Shoreline Countermeasures ManualTropical Coastal Environments, Hazard-ous Materials Response and Assessment Division, National Oceanic and Atmo-spheric Administration,
16、Seattle, WA, 1993.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.organization and objectives. The magnitude and type of datasets collected may likewise vary with the nature of the spill andoperational needs.5,64.4 Consistent data se
17、ts (observations and measurements)on shoreline oiling conditions are essential within any one spillin order to compare the data between different sites orobservers, and to compare the data against existing bench-marks or criteria that have been developed to rate the nature orseverity of the oiling.
18、To the extent possible, consistency is alsodesirable between different spills, in order to benefit fromprevious experiences and cleanup decisions.4.5 It is recognized that some modifications may be appro-priate based on local or regional geographic conditions or uponthe specific character of the str
19、anded oil.5. General Considerations5.1 Shoreline conditions can be described in terms of thelength, width, depth, distribution, quantity, and character of oilcontamination. These six different types of data are collectedby direct measurement or direct visual estimates calibratedagainst existing scal
20、es or indices. Standard definitions anddescriptors of these data have been developed (Sections 6 and7). Second-order applications of the basic data are further usedto aid response planning (Sections 8 and 9).5.2 Descriptions of shoreline oiling conditions are typicallyreferenced to the lateral (seaw
21、ard to landward) shorelinezonation. The location of the stranded oil within the intertidalzone affects operational access time and oil persistence.5.2.1 Tidal zonation is described in terms of the supra-tidal,upper/mid/lower intertidal, and sub-tidal zones.5.2.2 Non-tidal shoreline zonation is descr
22、ibed in terms ofthe supra/upper/lower swash zone for lacustrine (lake) envi-ronments and the over/upper/lower/midstream bank for river-ine (river) environments.5.3 Oil persistence and the choice of cleanup options will bedifferent for subsurface oil as opposed to surface oil. Descrip-tions of shorel
23、ine oiling conditions should distinguish betweenthe oiling of surface sediments from that on the subsurfacesediments (vertical zonation). On coarse sediment beaches, itcan be difficult to differentiate the vertical boundaries. Fig. 1illustrates an approach for discriminating those boundaries.5.4 For
24、 beaches with fine sediments (that is, pebble, gran-ule, sand, and mud), the subsurface begins at 5 cm below thesurface. If a pit were to reveal oiling in sand from the surfacedown to 20 cm, the upper 5 cm would be classified as surfaceoil and the remainder as subsurface. However, the oiledinterval
25、would still be shown as 0 to 20 cm.5.5 For beaches with coarse sediments (that is, cobble andboulder), the subsurface begins at the bottom of the surfacematerial (that is, where the top layer of cobbles or boulderscontact the underlying layer of sediments).5.6 Where asphalt pavement exists on the su
26、rface, thesubsurface begins at the bottom of the pavement.5.7 Definitions of the inorganic sediments based on size areas follows:Boulder (256-mm diameter)Cobble (64 to 256-mm diameter)Pebble (4 to 64-mm diameter)Granule (2 to 4-mm diameter)Sand (0.06 to 2-mm diameter)Mud/silt/clay (6 mMedium 3 to #6
27、mNarrow 0.5 to #3mVery narrow #0.5 m6.2.3.2 Areas of micro-tidal (for example, Great Lakes) ormacro-tidal (for example, Bay of Fundy or Cook Inlet)exposure will require an adjustment based on the width of theshoreline.6.3 Oil DistributionThis refers to the percentage of theshoreline surface sediment
28、s that are covered with oil, within afixed area.6.3.1 In the event of multiple bands, distribution refers tothe estimated percentage that best represents the collectivearea.6.3.2 Distribution should be described by the percentagevalue that was observed.6.3.3 Where a descriptive expression is require
29、d, or for thepurpose of aggregation of the actual value, use the classifica-tion of the following:5Source: Owens, E. H., and Sergy, G. A., Field Guide to the Documentation andDescription of Oiled Shorelines, ISBN 0-662-22048-X, Environment Canada,Edmonton, Alta., 1994.6Michel, J. Benggio, B., and By
30、ron, I., Shoreline Assessment Manual, NationalOceanic and Atmospheric Administration. HAZMAT Report No. 98-3, Seattle,Washington, 1998F 1687 97 (2003)2Trace 1-cm thick.6.4.1.2 Cover (CV), 0.1 cm and #1-cm thick.6.4.1.3 Coat (CT), 0.01 cm and #0.1-cm thick coating.This can be scratched off on coarse
31、sediments or bedrock.6.4.1.4 Stain (ST), #0.01-cm thick. An oil residue discol-oration on the sediment surface. It cannot be scratched offeasily on coarse sediments or bedrock.6.4.1.5 Film (FL), transparent or translucent thin layer orsheen.6.4.2 The oil concentration can be determined by chemicalan
32、alytical methods and is expressed as the weight of oil toweight of surface sediment.6.5 Oil CharacterThis refers to the properties or form ofthe oil residue on the shoreline.6.5.1 Qualitative descriptors of oil character may be devel-oped to suit the circumstances of the spill. Typical descriptorsar
33、e as follows:6.5.1.1 Freshlike (FR), having a black, shiny, fluid, non-oxidized appearance.6.5.1.2 Tarry (TC), having a tacky, tar-like, often weathered,semi-solid consistency.6.5.1.3 Surface Oil Residue (SR), consisting of non-cohesive oiled, surface sediments, either as continuous patchesor in coa
34、rse-sediment interstices.6.5.1.4 Mousse (MS), emulsified oil (oil and water mixture)existing as patches or accumulations, or within interstitialspaces.FIG. 1 Subsurface Boundaries for Various Beach Types5F 1687 97 (2003)36.5.1.5 Tar Balls or Mousse Patties (TB), discrete balls orpatties on a beach o
35、r adhered to rock or coarse-sedimentshoreline. Tar ball diameters are generally 6 cmMedium,3to6mNarrow,0.5to3mVery Narrow,1 cm heavy heavy moderate lightCover, 0.1 to 1.0 cm heavy heavy moderate lightCoat, 0.01 to 0.1 cm moderate moderate light very lightStain/film, 30 cm21 to30 cm11 to20 cm#10 cmOil-filled pores heavy heavy moderate moderatePart-filled pores heavy moderate moderate lightCover/coat stain residue moderate moderate light lightTrace light very light very light very lightF 1687 97 (2003)5
