1、Designation: F1737/F1737M 15Standard Guide forUse of Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment DuringSpill Response: Boom and Nozzle Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1737/F1737M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers considerations for the maintenance,storage, and use of oil spil
3、l dispersant application systems.1.2 This guide is applicable to spray systems employingbooms and nozzles and not to other systems such as firemonitors or single-point spray systems.1.3 This guide is applicable to systems employed on shipsor boats and helicopters or airplanes.1.4 This guide is appli
4、cable to temperate weather conditionsand may not be applicable to freezing conditions.1.5 This guide is one of five related to dispersant applicationsystems. Guide F1413/F1413M covers design, Practice F1460/F1460M covers calibration, Test Method F1738 coversdeposition, Guide F1737 covers the use of
5、the systems, andGuide F2465/F2465M covers the design and specification forsingle-point spray systems. Familiarity with all five standardsis recommended.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be ex
6、act equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of th
7、e user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1413/F1413M Guide for Oil Spill Dispersant ApplicationEquipment: Boom and Nozzle SystemsF1460/F1460M Pract
8、ice for Calibrating Oil Spill DispersantApplication Equipment Boom and Nozzle SystemsF1738 Test Method for Determination of Deposition ofAerially Applied Oil Spill DispersantsF2465/F2465M Guide for Oil Spill Dispersant ApplicationEquipment: Single-point Spray SystemsF2532 Guide for Determining Net E
9、nvironmental Benefit ofDispersant Use3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide provides information, procedures, and re-quirements for management and operation of dispersant sprayapplication equipment (boom and nozzle systems) in oil spillresponse.3.2 This guide provides information on requirements fors
10、torage and maintenance of dispersant spray equipment andassociated materials.3.3 This guide will aid operators in ensuring that a disper-sant spray operation is carried out in an effective manner.4. Background to the Use of Dispersants and SpraySystems4.1 Primary Considerations:4.1.1 Use of dispersa
11、nts, particularly in a specific area, maybe subject to regulatory approval. Net Environmental BenefitAnalysis is used for dispersant decision-making (GuideF2532). Dispersant response is for use in the early stages of aspill; so, it is strongly recommended that a rapid approvalmechanism, or pre-appro
12、val, be part of response planning.4.1.2 Nature of Oil Slick(s) to Be Treated:4.1.2.1 The effectiveness of dispersants is dependent (as-suming proper application) on two factors; the oil compositionand the sea surface energy. The primary factor is the oilcomposition. Heavier oils, those that contain
13、large amounts ofcomponents such as asphaltenes, disperse poorly, and thosewhich have only a small amount of these disperse more easily.As oil weathers on the sea surface, its composition changes andit generally becomes less dispersable. Some oils can also formhighly viscous water-in-oil emulsions, k
14、nown as “chocolate1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published April 2015. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous editi
15、on approved in 2010 as F1713/F1713M 10.DOI: 10.1520/F1737_F1737M-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM w
16、ebsite.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1mousse,” particularly in areas of high energy waves. Oncemousse has formed, dispersants may not be effective.4.1.2.2 Viscosity is an indicator of the oil composition, butaffects d
17、ispersion by its influence on the amount of dispersantpenetrating into and mixing with the oil. Dispersant can run offthe surface of highly viscous oils or will mix only slowly withthem. Traditionally, oils of a viscosity between 2000 and10 000 mPa were thought to be undispersable. However,viscosity
18、 may not be as much a limitation as is composition asnoted above, especially for dispersants which are not quicklylost to the water column. Viscosity may have its largest effecton the time required for mixing with the oil.4.1.2.3 Natural weathering affects the composition and vis-cosity of the oil.
19、Much of the oil evaporated will usuallyconsist of the most dispersable fraction.Also, loss of the lighterfractions by evaporation increases the viscosity. This combinedeffect may rapidly reduce the dispersability of some spilledoils. Some oils may not be effectively dispersed after only 24h on the s
20、urface.4.1.2.4 Sea surface energy can be an important factor indispersant effectiveness. Higher sea energy is needed to dis-perse oil of less favorable composition. Very low sea energiesoften result in poor dispersant performance. Very high seas canbe detrimental since they can promote water-in-oil
21、emulsionformation and can cause oil slicks to become discontinuous orsubmerged. Spraying such slicks can result in significantdispersant loss.4.1.3 Environmental Conditions, Including Wind, Sea State,Visibility, and Temperature of Air and WaterIt is essential tominimize dispersant loss in aerial app
22、lication due to wind driftand air turbulence. Large droplets assist in this, but, in addition,the aircraft should be flown as low as safety considerationsallow. It is also best to fly into the wind while spraying, so asto limit wind drift.5. Equipment Types For Vessels and Aircraft5.1 A boom and noz
23、zle spraying system consists of one ormore pumps, flowmeters, storage tanks, spray booms, andnozzles that are mounted in various configurations dependingon the platform.5.2 Single-point spray systems are not covered by thisstandard. See Guide F2465/F2465M.5.3 Dispersant application systems on ships
24、or boats may beportable or permanently installed. Vessels may have built-indispersant storage tanks and on-board pumps for use with thespraying system.5.4 Dispersant application systems on helicopters are mostcommonly slung beneath the aircraft, with remote controlsavailable to the pilot. Some speci
25、ally configured helicoptershave integral tanks and pumps. Helicopter spraying systemsare available with dispersant capacity of about 400 to 3000 L100 to 800 U.S. gal.5.5 Dispersant application systems on single-engine air-planes have a built-in tank and pump, with the booms attachedto the wings. Dis
26、persant capacity varies with the airplanedesign but is about 400 to 4000 L 100 to 1000 U.S. gal.5.6 Dispersant application systems can also be installed onlarge multi-engine airplanes. These must be designed for eachtype of aircraft, and will include one or more pumps,flowmeters, dispersant storage
27、tanks, and spray booms withnozzles. The airplane type and payload capability will deter-mine the available dispersant capacity from about 2000 to20 000 L 500 to 5000 U.S. gal.6. Equipment Configuration for Vessels and Aircraft6.1 VesselsDispersant spray systems for boats have beendesigned for many t
28、ypes of craft. Most systems use water-compatible dispersants diluted with seawater during applica-tion. These dispersants are mixed with seawater by use of aneducator or metering pump to allow for the dispersant to beused at the desired concentration (generally 10 %). Somesystems spray dispersants n
29、eat (without dilution with water)and thus eliminate the need for seawater suction equipment.6.1.1 Mounting the spray booms as far forward as possibleis optimal, so that the spray is applied in front of the bow wave,because this wave can push oil out of reach of the spray attypical boat speeds. Nozzl
30、es and extensions should bedownward-pointing and stable relative to the boom. Spraybooms with multiple nozzles should be arranged to produceflat, fan-shaped spray patterns, striking the water (oil) surfacein a line perpendicular to the direction of travel of the vessel.Nozzles producing a hollow-con
31、e shaped spray pattern shouldnot be used. Spray pressure should not be excessive so that thedroplets do not break the oil surface. The dispersant-watermixture should be delivered to the oil surface in the desiredpattern, with a minimum amount of energy. The spray shouldstrike the oil in small drople
32、ts of 300 to 500-m volumemedian diameter (VMD). The droplets should be visuallylarger than a fog or mist and smaller than heavy rain drops. Thefan-shaped sprays from adjacent nozzles should overlap justabove the oil surface.6.1.2 Relatively small spills may be treated by vessels, butvessels are limi
33、ted on large offshore spills by their spray swathand speed. For example, a boat operating at 10 km/h 5 knotsor 6 mph, and spraying a 12-m 40-ft swath, can only treatabout 1.3 km20.5 miles2 of an oil spill surface in about 12 h.6.2 HelicoptersSpraying systems on helicopters are eitherintegral (attach
34、ed to the airframe) or external units that have acombined tank, pump, and spray boom assembly suspendedbelow the aircraft from a cargo hook, as specified by themanufacturer of the bucket. Sufficient room must be allowedbetween the helicopter and the spray unit to allow for safeconnection and release
35、. Spraying is controlled from the cockpitwith an electrical remote control unit, attached by cable to thespray system. Nozzles should be oriented parallel to thedirection of travel and pointed aft on the spray boom. Onlydispersants applied without dilution are suitable for aerialspraying. The spray-
36、boom altitude, when spraying, shouldtypically be 10 m 30 ft.6.2.1 Helicopters are limited in the volume of dispersantthey can carry, typically under 2000 L 500 U.S. gal. Theyhave greater speed than vessels, however, and if working nearthe source of dispersant supply, helicopters provide veryefficien
37、t dispersant application on small areas. Helicopters areF1737/F1737M 152best close to shore and should not work further than 20 km 15miles from shore, unless there are available offshore platformson which to land, refuel, and load dispersants. Certain specialtyhelicopters may have a greater range.6.
38、3 Small AirplanesSmall single-engine airplanes willhave a pump that draws dispersant from a tank to feed the spraybooms, that are usually fitted close to the trailing edge of thewing. The dispersant is discharged through nozzles (spaced atintervals along the boom) that are designed to generate dropl
39、etswithin the required size range. The dispersant pump should becapable of spraying at a rate that is required for a surfacecoverage of 20 to 100 L/hectare 2 to 10 U.S. gal/acre. Thepump rate should be variable in flight, and regulated andmonitored with a pre-calibrated flowmeter or pressure gage.Ai
40、r shear, which affects droplet size, may be a problem forlower viscosity dispersants of less than 60 mPa cSt, at aircraftvelocities exceeding about 200 km/h 100 knots or 120 mph.The spray-boom altitude during application should not be over10 to 30 m 30 to 100 ft.6.3.1 Small airplanes generally have
41、limited load capacity,about 400 to 3000 L 100 to 800 U.S. gal. This size of aircraftmay provide rapid response to small spills, and has longerrange and greater speeds than a helicopter system.6.4 Large AirplanesLarge multi-engine airplanes offerincreased payload, range, and speed for the treatment o
42、f largespills. Some large cargo airplanes have a rear cargo orpersonnel door that can be opened in flight, can accommodateportable tank systems, and have extendable booms that can bedeployed in flight. Such a system can be permanently fitted toa dedicated airplane, or installed as needed in an airpl
43、ane ofopportunity. These systems may require specific certificationby aviation authorities for use on a particular type of aircraft.6.4.1 These larger aircraft will generally fly at altitudes of15 to 30 m 50 to 100 ft when applying dispersant to the oil.6.4.2 The largest dispersant liquid capacity f
44、or such aircraftis 20 000 L 5000 U.S. gal. Aircraft range and payloadcharacteristics can limit the dispersant volume. Applicationrates from 10 to 100 L/hectare 1 to 10 U.S. gal/acre can beachieved. Typical coverage for these systems is 20 hectares/min 50 acres/min at 130 to 150 knots.7. Control of S
45、praying Operations7.1 Whichever method is employed to apply dispersants, anobjective assessment is required to ensure that a vessel oraircraft spraying operation is conducted properly and effec-tively. Direction of the operation and observation of itseffectiveness can best be conducted from another
46、controller(spotter) aircraft overhead. This can be a light airplane orhelicopter, but it must have a high endurance and goodcommunications with the spray aircraft or vessel. An airborneobserver cannot function adequately in the spraying aircraft,unless the aircraft is equipped with GPS flight assist
47、 andrecording instrumentation. To ensure safety in such a case, allthe aircraft must have planned for, and maintained, continuouscommunications.7.2 Personnel in the controller (spotter) aircraft can identifythe heavier concentrations of oil (or those slicks posing thegreatest threat), direct spray a
48、ircraft or boats to the target,request spraying to be started and stopped, and assess theaccuracy of the application. This guidance is important forspraying operations since observation from a vessel or a sprayplane is limited. Air support is essential when large multi-engine aircraft are used for s
49、praying. Even when using heli-copters and small airplanes for spraying, it is not reasonable torely on pilot observation, since all of the sprayed area is behindthe aircraft. It is recommended that a separate spotter aircraftbe utilized when such aircraft is available. Consequently, thearea of coverage and the effect of the dispersant is better seenby a qualified observer in a control plane at a higher altitude,who also can better direct the spray plane on the next pass, inthe same or a different treatment area.7.3 With the advent and use of
