1、Designation: F 1737 07Standard Guide forUse of Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equipment DuringSpill Response: Boom and Nozzle Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1737; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the essential considerations for themaintenance, storage, and use of oil s
3、pill dispersant applicationsystems.1.2 This guide is applicable to spray systems employingbooms and nozzles and not to other systems such as firemonitors, sonic distributors, or fan-spray guns.1.3 This guide is applicable to systems employed on shipsor boats and helicopters or airplanes.1.4 This gui
4、de is one of four related to dispersant applica-tion systems. Guide F 1413 covers design, Practice F 1460covers calibration, Test Method F 1738 covers deposition, andGuide F 1737 covers the use of the systems. Familiarity withall four standards is recommended.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to
5、 be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pr
6、actices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1413 Guide for Oil Spill Dispersant Application Equip-ment: Boom and Nozzle SystemsF 1460 Practice for Calibrating Oil Spill Dispersant Appli-cation Equipment Boom and Nozzle
7、SystemsF 1738 Test Method for Determination of Deposition ofAerially Applied Oil Spill Dispersants3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide provides information, procedures, and re-quirements for management and operation of dispersant sprayapplication equipment (boom and nozzle systems) in oil spillresp
8、onse.3.2 This guide provides information on requirements forstorage and maintenance of dispersant spray equipment andassociated materials.3.3 This guide will aid operators in ensuring that a dispers-ant spray operation is carried out in an effective manner.4. Equipment Types For Vessels and Aircraft
9、4.1 A spraying system consists of one or more pumps,flowmeters, storage tanks, spray booms, and nozzles that aremounted in various configurations depending on the platform.4.2 Dispersant application systems on ships or boats may beportable or permanently installed. Vessels may have built-indispersan
10、t storage tanks and on-board pumps for use with thespraying system.4.3 Dispersant application systems on helicopters are mostcommonly slung beneath the aircraft, with remote controlsavailable to the pilot. Some specially configured helicoptershave integral tanks and pumps. Helicopter spraying system
11、sare available with dispersant capacity of about 500 to 2000 L(120 to 500 U.S. gal).4.4 Dispersant application systems on single-engine air-planes have a built-in tank and pump, with the booms attachedto the wings. Dispersant capacity varies with the airplanedesign but is about 400 to 4000 L (100 to
12、 1000 U.S. gal).4.5 Dispersant application systems can also be installed onlarge multiengine airplanes. These must be designed for eachtype of aircraft, and will include one or more pumps, flowme-ters, dispersant storage tanks, and spray booms with nozzles.The airplane type and payload capability wi
13、ll determine theavailable dispersant capacity from about 4000 to 20 000 L(1000 to 5000 U.S. gal).5. Equipment Configuration for Vessels and Aircraft5.1 VesselsDispersant spray systems for boats have beendesigned for many types of craft. Most systems use water-compatible “concentrate” dispersants dil
14、uted with seawater1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edit
15、ion approved in 1999 as F 1713 96 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Inte
16、rnational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.during application. These dispersants are mixed with seawaterby use of an educator or metering pump to allow for thedispersant to be used at the desired concentration (generally 5to 10 %).5.1.1 Mount the s
17、pray booms as far forward as possible sothat the spray is applied in front of the bow wave, because, thiswave can push oil out of reach of the spray at typical boatspeeds. Nozzles and extensions should be downward-pointingand stable relative to the boom. Rig spray booms with multiplenozzles arranged
18、 to produce flat, fan-shaped spray patterns,striking the water (oil) surface in a line perpendicular to thedirection of travel of the vessel. Nozzles producing a hollow-cone shaped spray pattern should not be used. Spray pressureshould not be excessive so that the spray does not break the oilsurface
19、. Deliver the dispersant-water mixture to the oil surface,in the desired pattern, with a minimum amount of energy. Thespray should strike the oil in small droplets of 300 to 500-mvolume median diameter (VMD). The droplets should bevisually larger than a fog or mist and smaller than heavy raindrops.
20、The fan-shaped sprays from adjacent nozzles shouldoverlap just above the oil surface.5.1.2 Relatively small spills, such as in harbors or rivers,may best be treated by vessels, but they are limited on largeoffshore spills by their spray swath and speed. For example, aboat operating at 10 km/h (5 kno
21、ts or 6 mph), and spraying a12-m (40-ft) swath, can only treat about 1.3 km2(0.5 miles2)of oil spill surface in about 12 h.5.2 Helicopters Spraying systems on helicopters are ei-ther integral (attached to the airframe) or external units thathave a combined tank, pump, and spray boom assemblysuspende
22、d below the aircraft from a cargo hook, as specified bythe manufacturer of the bucket. Sufficient room must beallowed between the helicopter and the spray unit to allow forsafe connection and disconnection. Spraying is controlled fromthe cockpit with an electrical remote control unit, attached bycab
23、le to the spray system. Nozzles should be oriented parallelto the direction of travel and pointed aft on the spray boom.Only concentrate dispersants applied without dilution aresuitable for aerial spraying. The spray-boom altitude, whenspraying, should not be over 9 m (30 ft).5.2.1 Helicopters are l
24、imited in the volume of dispersantthey can carry, typically under 2000 L (500 U.S. gal). Theyhave greater speed than vessels, however, and if working nearthe source of dispersant supply, helicopters provide veryefficient dispersant application on small areas. Helicopters arebest close to shore and s
25、hould not work further than 20 km (15miles) from shore.5.3 Small Airplanes Small single-engine airplanes typi-cally will have a wind-driven pump that draws dispersant froma tank to feed the spray booms, that are usually fitted close tothe trailing edge of the wing. The dispersant is dischargedthroug
26、h nozzles (spaced at intervals along the boom) that aredesigned to generate droplets within the required size range.The dispersant pump should be capable of spraying at a ratethat is required for a surface coverage of 20 to 100 L/hectare (2to 10 U.S. gal/acre). The pump rate should be variable in fl
27、ight,and regulated and monitored with a pre-calibrated flowmeter orpressure gage. Air shear, that affects droplet size, may be aproblem for lower viscosity dispersants of less than 60 mpa(cSt), at aircraft velocities exceeding about 200 km/h (100knots or 120 mph). The spray-boom altitude during appl
28、icationshould not be over 9 m (30 ft).5.3.1 Small airplanes generally have limited load capacity,about 400 to 3000 L (100 to 800 U.S. gal). This size of aircraftmay provide rapid response to small spills, and has longerrange and greater speeds than a helicopter system.5.4 Large Airplanes Large multi
29、engine, propeller-driven,airplanes offer increased payload, range, and speed for thetreatment of large spills. Most of these aircraft require theinstallation of wing-mounted booms and other integral parts.Some large cargo airplanes have a rear cargo or personnel doorthat can be opened in flight, can
30、 accommodate portable tanksystems, and have extendable booms that can be deployed inflight. Such a system can be permanently fitted to a dedicatedairplane, or installed as needed in an airplane of opportunity.These systems may require specific certification by aviationauthorities for use on a partic
31、ular type of aircraft.5.4.1 These larger aircraft will generally fly at altitudes of15 to 30 m (50 to 100 ft) when applying dispersant to the oil.5.4.2 The largest dispersant liquid capacity for such aircraftis 20 000 L (5000 U.S. gal). Aircraft range and payloadcharacteristics can limit the dispers
32、ant volume. Applicationrates from 20 to 100 L/hectare (2 to 10 U.S. gal/acre) can beachieved. Typical coverage for these systems is 30 hectares/min (75 acres/min) at 130 to 150 knots.6. Control of Spraying Operations6.1 Whichever method is employed to apply dispersants, anobjective assessment is req
33、uired to ensure that a vessel oraircraft spraying operation is conducted properly and effec-tively. Direction of the operation and observation of itseffectiveness can best be conducted from another controller(spotter) aircraft overhead. This can be a light airplane orhelicopter, but it must have a h
34、igh endurance and good radiocommunications with the spray aircraft or vessel. An airborneobserver can not function adequately in the spraying aircraft.To ensure safety in such a case, all the aircraft must haveplanned for, and maintained, continuous communications.6.2 Personnel in the controller (sp
35、otter) aircraft can identifythe heavier concentrations of oil (or those slicks posing thegreatest threat), direct spray aircraft or boats to the target,request spraying to be started and stopped, and judge theaccuracy of the application. These aerial functions are impor-tant for spraying operations
36、since oil visibility from a vessel ora spray plane is limited. Air support is essential when largemultiengine aircraft are used for spraying. Even when usinghelicopters and small airplanes for spraying, it is not reason-able to rely on pilot observation, since all of the sprayed areais behind the ai
37、rcraft. Consequently, the area of coverage andthe effect of the dispersant is better seen by an observer in acontrol plane at a higher altitude, who also can better direct thespray plane on the next pass, in the same or a differenttreatment area.F17370727. Storage and Handling of Dispersant and Disp
38、ersantApplication Systems7.1 Dispersants are to be handled and stored in accordancewith information provided by the manufacturers MaterialSafety Data Sheets (MSDS), labels, and user-specified policies.(See 10.1.)7.2 Dispersant application systems will normally be loaded,by means of pumps, with dispe
39、rsants from drums, storagetanks, or tank trailers. Pumps of adequate capacity must beavailable to load dispersant rapidly in order to reduce aircraftdowntime between sorties.7.3 Conduct routine maintenance on dispersant applicationsystems and subcomponents in accordance with the manufac-turers recom
40、mendations, to ensure system readiness andavailability for immediate use.7.3.1 Nozzles on dispersant application systems must becleaned and inspected after each days operation and beforestorage of the system. Pumps and systems using seawater (asfrom vessels) must be rinsed well with fresh water.7.3.
41、2 The system calibration should be checked at least oncea year (see Practice F 1460). Spray systems should be cleaned,and the calibration checked, after each exercise or spill incidentin which the equipment was used, and after making anychanges in the system configuration. Also, systems must becompl
42、etely drained and freeze-protected, as necessary, aftereach use.7.3.3 Any remote control devices used in operation of adispersant system should be checked immediately prior to anyuse of the system.7.3.4 Operating crews should be given comprehensive train-ing in dispersant application systems install
43、ation and methodsof use. Practical exercises should be held frequently.8. General Considerations for Dispersant Application8.1 Primary Considerations:8.1.1 Use of dispersants, particularly in a specific area, maybe subject to regulatory approval. Dispersant response is foruse in the early stages of
44、a spill; so, it is strongly recommendedthat a rapid approval mechanism, or pre-approval, be part ofresponse planning.8.1.2 Nature of Oil Slick(s) to Be Treated:8.1.2.1 The effectiveness of dispersants is dependent (as-suming proper application) on two factors; the oil compositionand the sea surface
45、energy. The primary factor is the oilcomposition. Heavier oils, those that contain large amounts ofcomponents such as asphaltenes, disperse poorly, and thosewhich have only a small amount of these disperse more easily.As oil weathers on the sea surface, its composition changes andit generally become
46、s less dispersable. Some oils can also formhighly viscous water-in-oil emulsions, known as “chocolatemousse,” particularly in areas of high energy waves. Oncemousse has formed, dispersants may not be effective.8.1.2.2 Viscosity is an indicator of the oil composition, butaffects dispersion by its inf
47、luence on the amount of dispersantpenetrating into and mixing with the oil. Dispersant can run offthe surface of highly viscous oils or will mix only slowly withthem. Traditionally, oils of a viscosity between 2000 and10 000 mPa were thought to be undispersable. However,viscosity may not be as much
48、a limitation as is composition asnoted above, especially for dispersants which are not quicklylost to the water column. Viscosity may have its largest effecton the time required for mixing with the oil.8.1.2.3 Natural weathering (evaporation) affects the compo-sition and viscosity of the oil. Much o
49、f the oil evaporated willusually consist of the most dispersable fraction. Also, loss ofthe lighter fractions by evaporation increases the viscosity. Thiscombined effect may rapidly reduce the dispersability of somespilled oils. Some oils are not effectively dispersed after only24 h on the surface.8.1.2.4 Surface sea energy can be an important factor indispersant effectiveness. Higher sea energy is needed to dis-perse oil of less favorable composition. Very low sea energiesoften result in poor dispersant performance. Very high seas canbe detrimental since they can promote wate
