1、Designation: F1757 96 (Reapproved 2015) An American National StandardStandard Guide forDigital Communication Protocols for ComputerizedSystems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1757; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The principal content of this guide provides a road mapto implement a communication net
3、work applicable to ship andmarine computer systems by:1.1.1 Examining the relationship of digital communicationprotocols as a network technological infrastructure,1.1.2 Outlining the basic building blocks of network topolo-gies and transmission techniques associated with the imple-mentation of trans
4、mission media in a network environment;and,1.1.3 Identifying operating system and environments.1.2 Using the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model,which provides a layered approach to network functionalityand evaluation, common network communications protocolsare identified and characterized in th
5、is guide according to lowerand upper layer protocols corresponding to their degree andtype of functionality.1.3 Although it is desirable that network users, designers,and administrators recognize and understand every possiblenetworking protocol, it is not possible to know the intimatedetails of ever
6、y protocol specification. Accordingly, this guideis not intended to address fully every hardware and softwareprotocol ever developed for commercial use, which spans aperiod of about 25 years. Instead, the user of this guide will beintroduced to a brief overview of the majority of past andpresent pro
7、tocols which may comprise a ship or marineinternetwork, to include Local Area Networks (LANs), WideArea Networks (WANs), and related hardware and softwarethat provide such network interoperability and data transfer.1.4 While this guide provides an understanding of the widerange of communication prot
8、ocols, the user is recommended toconsult the reference material for acquiring a more compre-hensive understanding of individual communication protocols.However, by examining the basic functions of protocols andreviewing the protocol characterization criteria identified inthis guide, the user will be
9、 more apt to understanding otherprotocols not mentioned or addressed herein.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1013 Terminology Relating to Computerized Systems(Withdrawn 2000)32.2 ANSI Standards:4X3T9.5 High Speed Local NetworkX3.139 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) TokenRing Media
10、Access Control (MAC)X3.148 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) TokenRing Physical Layer Protocol (PHY)X3.166 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) TokenRing Physical Layer Medium Dependent (PMD)X3.172 American National Standard Dictionary for Infor-mation Systems2.3 IEEE Standards:5100 Standar
11、d Dictionary for Electrical and Electronic Terms610 Standard Glossary for Software Engineering Terminol-ogy610.7 Standard Glossary of Computer Networking Termi-nology802.1 High Level Interface (Internetworking)802.2 Logical Link Control802.3 CSMA/CD Medium Access Control802.4 Token Bus Medium Access
12、 Control802.5 Token Ring Medium Access Control802.6 Metropolitan Area Networking802.8 Fiber Optic Technical Advisory Group802.9 Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: IntegratedServices (IS) LAN Interface at the Medium AccessControl (MAC) and Physical (PHY) Layers1This guide is under the jurisdiction
13、 of ASTM Committee F25 on Ships andMarine Technology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F25.05 onComputer Applications.Current edition approved May 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F1757 96 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/F1757-96R
14、15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is
15、referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),445 Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331, http:/www.ie
16、ee.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1803.52.4 ISO Standards:47498 Information Processing SystemsOpen Systems Inter-connectionBasic Reference Model9040/9041 Virtual Terminal (VT)8831/8832 Job Transfer and Manipulation
17、 (JTM)8571/8572 File Transfer Access Management (FTAM)9595/9596 Common Management Information Service/Protocol (CMIP)8823 Connection Oriented Presentation Protocol8327 Connection Oriented Session Protocol8073 Connection Oriented Transport Protocol8473 Connectionless Network Service8208 Packet Level
18、Protocol8802-2 Logical Link Control9314-2 FDDI8802-3 CSMA/CD (Bus)8802-4 Token Bus8802-5 Token Ring7776 Link Access Protocol/Link Access Protocol-Balanced(LAP/LAPB)7809 High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC)2.5 ITU Standards:6X.25 Packet Level ProtocolX.226 Connection Oriented Presentation ProtocolX.22
19、5 Connection Oriented Session ProtocolX.224 Connection Oriented Transport Protocol2.6 CCITT Standards:7V.35X.21 (BIS) Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment(DTE) and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE)for Synchronous Operation on Public Data NetworksX.25 Interface Between Data Terminal Equip
20、ment (DTE)and Data Circuit Terminating Equipment (DCE) for Ter-minals Operating in the Packet Mode and ConnectedPublic Data Networks by Dedicated Circuit2.7 EIA/TIA Standard:7232C568 Commercial Building Telecommunications WiringStandard (ANSI/EIA/TIA-568-91)2.8 Internet Request for Comments (RFCs) S
21、tandards:8RFC 768 User Datagram Protocol (UDP)RFC 791 Internet Protocol (IP)RFC 792 Internet Control Message Protocol (CMP)RFC 793 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)RFC 821 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)RFC 826RFC 854 TELNET ProtocolRFC 894RFC 903RFC 959 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)RFC 1042RF
22、C 1157 Simple Network Management ProtocolRFC 12013. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The terminology used in this guide is defined inTerminology E1013, IEEE 610, and ANSI X3.172, with thefollowing additions defined in 3.2.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bridge, na device tha
23、t interconnects local or remotenetworks no matter what network protocol that is, TCP/IP orIPX, are involved. Bridges form a single logical network.3.2.2 hub, na central location for the attachment of cablesfrom nodes and other network components.3.2.3 internetwork, na collection of LANs using differ
24、entnetwork operating systems that are connected to form a largernetwork.3.2.4 LAN (local area network), na data communicationsystem consisting of a collection of interconnected computers,sharing applications, data and peripherals.3.2.5 network operating system (NOS), nthe software fora network that
25、runs in a file server and control access to filesand other resources from multiple users.3.2.6 node(s), nany intelligent device connected to thenetwork. This includes terminal servers, host computers, andany other devices, such as printers and terminals, that aredirectly connected to the network.3.2
26、.7 protocol, na standard method of communicatingover a network.3.2.8 repeater, na network device that repeats signalsfrom one cable onto one or more other cables, while restoringsignal timing and waveforms.3.2.9 router, na device capable of filtering/forwardingpackets based upon data link layer info
27、rmation.3.2.10 server, na device that stores data for network usersand provides network access to that data.3.2.11 topology, nthe arrangement of the nodes and con-necting hardware that comprises the network.3.2.12 WAN (wide area network), na network using com-mon carrier transmission services for tr
28、ansmission of data overa large geographical area.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to provide an understanding ofthe wide range of communication protocols standards, allow-ing the user to understand better their applicability to shipboardnetworks and marine platform computerized syst
29、ems. Forcomputerized networks and systems, communication protocolsare necessary for integrating various system devices, providingfunctionality between dissimilar subnetworks, or for enablingremote connections, either pier side or through geophysicalcommunication technologies.6Available from Electron
30、ic Industries Alliance (EIA), 2500 Wilson Blvd.,Arlington, VA 22201, http:/www.eia.org.7Available from the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Infor-mation Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22161, http:/www.ntis.gov.8Documents may be obtained by means of anonymous ftp
31、from thehosts:, directory rfc.F1757 96 (2015)24.2 The wide variety and scope of digital communicationprotocol standards adds greatly to the complex decision pro-cess for specifying compatible protocols for system applica-tions and related devices for the myriad of potential shipboardsystems. However
32、, the user must identify the initial networkingrequirements, so once the network protocols under evaluationare well understood, the decision process should determine theappropriate network protocols. Therefore, this guide is in-tended to reduce the complexity involved with protocol selec-tion and im
33、plementation.4.3 Network protocols define an agreed, quantifiable entity,or set of rules, by which user computers, system networks, andinternetworking devices communicate and exchange informa-tion. Communication protocols specify essential networkingguidelines, such as physical interface connections
34、, or dataformat and control operations between two communicatingcomputers. Ship and marine digital communication protocolrequirements are no different than their land-based networkedcounterparts. Both require standardized protocol selection, invarious protocol categories, including LAN standards, WA
35、Nprotocols, LAN/WAN protocols, network management, wiringhub configurations/operations, hardware platforms, operatingsystems, and network applications.5. Origin of Protocol Development5.1 Communication protocol standards have been devel-oped or refined through three separate processes, identified as
36、follows:5.1.1 Defacto Protocol StandardsAcquired widespreaduse of a popular technique adopted by vendors and developers;5.1.2 Dejur Protocol StandardsStandards making bodies;and,5.1.3 Proprietary Protocol StandardPrivate corporation-based protocols with limited interoperability.5.2 The open standard
37、s approach is now the norm, whichallows multiple protocol networking solutions to be available,and as a result, proprietary protocols are now becomingobsolete.6. Local Network Interconnection6.1 The characteristic of a local network is determinedprimarily by three factors: transmission medium, topol
38、ogy, andmedium access control protocol.6.1.1 The principal technological elements that determinethe nature of a local network are the topology and transmissionmedium of the network. Together, it determines the type of datathat may be transmitted, the speed and efficiency ofcommunications, and the ty
39、pe of applications that a networkmay support.6.1.2 Interconnecting a set of local networks is referred to asan internetworking. The local networks are interconnected bydevices generically called gateways. Gateways provide acommunication path so that data can be exchanged betweennetworks.6.2 Topology
40、The common topologies used for local net-works are star, ring, and bus/tree (see Fig. 1).6.2.1 Star TopologyIn a star topology, a central switchingelement is used to connect all the nodes in the network. Thecentral element uses circuit switching to establish a dedicatedpath between two stations wish
41、ing to communicate (see Fig. 1).6.2.2 Ring TopologyThe ring topology consists of a closedloop, with each node attached to a repeating element. Datacirculate around the ring on a series of point-to-point data linksbetween repeaters. A station wishing to transmit waits for itsnext turn and then sends
42、data out onto the ring in the form ofa packet (see Fig. 1).6.2.3 Bus/Tree TopologyThe bus or tree topology is char-acterized by the use of a multipoint medium. The bus is simplya special case of the tree, in which there is only one trunk, withno branches. Because all devices share a common communi-c
43、ations medium, only one pair of devices on a bus or tree cancommunicate at a time. A distributed medium access protocolis used to determine which station may transmit (see Fig. 1).6.3 Internetwork TopologyThe common topologies usedto support emerging networking topologies requiring the inte-gration
44、of data, video and voice, as well as higher transportbandwidth are backbone, hierarchical, and mesh (see Fig. 2).6.3.1 BackboneBackbone configurations are used in net-working environments in which local networks are connectedover high-speed backbone cables. Bridges and routers are usedto manage the
45、data passing between interconnected networksand the backbone (see Fig. 2).6.3.2 HierarchialIn the hierarchial configuration, star-configured hubs are wired to a central hub that handles interhubtraffic. Routers and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)technology provide support to traffic intensive netwo
46、rk appli-cations requiring the integration of voice, video, and data (seeFig. 2).6.3.3 MeshIn mesh configurations, there are at least twopathways to each node. This is a common configuration inemerging high-speed enterprise networks requiring the integra-tion of voice, video, and data. It is compose
47、d of internetwork-ing devices, such as bridges, routers, andATM technology. Theinternetworking devices provide efficient paths for data totravel from one point to another in this configuration. Meshnetworks often are used because of reliability; when one pathgoes down, another can take over (see Fig
48、. 2).FIG. 1 Local Network TopologiesF1757 96 (2015)36.4 CablingCabling falls into the following categories:coax, twisted pair, and fiber.6.4.1 Coax:6.4.1.1 ThicknetThe standard Thicknet is IEEE 802.310BASE5. It is a 0.4-in. diameter RG 4 50- coaxial cable. Itmay be up to 500 m in length. A maximum o
49、f 100 devices canbe attached to this cable.6.4.1.2 ThinNetThe standard for ThinNet is IEEE 802.310BASE2. It is a 0.25-in. diameter RG58A/U 50- coaxialcable. It can be up to 185 m in length and have a maximum of30 devices attached to it. Each device normally is attached at0.5-m increments via a BNC T-connector. However, devicesmay be attached to an AUI cable and external transceiver.6.4.2 Twisted Pair:6.4.2.1 The standard for twisted pair is EIA/TIA-568. It is a24-AWG telephone wire. The ends of the twisted pair wires arecompose
