1、Designation: F1764 97 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Guide forSelection of Hardline Communication Systems for Confined-Space Rescue1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1764; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers recommended criteria for the selec-tion of hardwire communication systems for use in
3、permit-required confined-space rescue operations.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of re
4、gulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1490 Terminology Relating to Search and Rescue32.2 Federal Standards:29 Code of Federal Regulations 1910.146 Permit RequiredConfined Spaces429 Code of Federal Regulations 1910.7 Definition andRequirements for a National Re
5、cognized Testing Labora-tory42.3 National Code:National Electrical Code (NEC)/NFPA 7053. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 confined space rescuerescue operations withinspaces that meet the definition of “permit-required confinedspace” in Fed. Std. 29 CFR 1910.146.3.
6、1.2 hardline communication systemany communicationsystem where all users are connected to the system by ahardline or wire.4. Significance and Use4.1 Because of the many unique requirements of permit-required confined space rescue operations and the specificconstruction and composition of some confin
7、ed spaces, hard-line communications systems may be the only type that willmeet the requirements for working within these spaces. Someof these requirements are set forth in Federal Regulation andsome by safe operating procedures developed for working inconfined spaces by industry.4.2 This guide is no
8、t meant to preclude the use of othertypes of communication systems in confined-space rescue.5. System Requirements5.1 System SafetyThe system must be safe for use in theatmosphere, or potential atmosphere, within the space.NOTE 1See Annex A1.5.2 The system must have continuous, hands-free voicecommu
9、nications capability.NOTE 2See X1.1.5.3 The system must be dedicated and private so operationscannot be interfered with by outsiders not involved with therescue.5.4 The system shall not affect the readings of other safetyequipment (that is, gas detectors).5.5 Systems that are battery powered must ha
10、ve a low-battery warning or a backup power source that provides aminimum of 30 min before communications are lost.5.6 The system must accommodate a minimum of threeusers.NOTE 3See X1.2.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search andRescue and is the direct responsibility of
11、 Subcommittee F32.01 on Equipment,Testing, and Maintenance.Current edition approved July 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1764 97(2007).DOI: 10.1520/F1764-97R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
12、 orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from Occupational Safety
13、 and Health Administration (OSHA), 200Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov.5Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Con
14、shohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.7 The system should allow for communication between allentrants as well as with the attendant.NOTE 4See X1.3.5.8 The system must work in conjunction with the personalprotective equipment (PPE) necessary to work in the environ-ment within the space.NOTE 5See
15、X1.4.5.9 The system must be impervious to the chemicals withinthe space.6. Keywords6.1 confined space; hardlineANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. INHERENT SAFETYA1.1 Equipment that requires electrical power to operatemay be a source of ignition in the presence of flammable gasesor vapors, combustible d
16、usts, or ignitable fibers. Equipmentthat must operate in potentially flammable atmospheres mustbe unable to cause ignition (inherently safe) in those atmo-spheres. They can be certified as intrinsically safe or explosion-proof. Rescue teams that only work in known hazards, such ason-site rescue team
17、s, may use equipment approved for onlythose hazards. Rescue teams that respond to unknown hazards,such as fire departments and other off-site rescue teams, musthave equipment with the highest possible level of approvalavailable, that is, equipment approved for atmospheres that areclassified as: Clas
18、s I Division 1 Groups A, B, C, D; Class IIDivision 1 Groups E, F, G; and Class III Division 1.6(See NoteA1.1.) Division 1 locations are more hazardous than Division2, therefore the test protocols for Division 1 are more stringent.As such, equipment certified for Division 1 is also approved forDivisi
19、on 2. Hardline systems that only have limited approval,when used only in atmospheres for which they are approved,meet this guide. (See Note A1.2.) The NFPA does not certifyequipment. Testing and certification must be done by aNationally Recognized Test Laboratory (NRTL) that has beenaccredited by OS
20、HA in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.7. Allcertified equipment must be clearly and permanently marked toshow the class, division, and group it is approved for use in andthe name or mark of the NRTL that granted the approval. It isinsufficient to be simply labeled intrinsically safe.NOTE A1.1See X1.5.NO
21、TE A1.2See Appendix X2.APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. RATIONALEX1.1 Continuous hands-free communication allows therescue team to communicate with each other and with theattendant without stopping what they are doing to operate apush-to-talk switch. More importantly, it allows the attendantt
22、o monitor operations and entrant status inside the space.Slurred speech, out-of-character responses or irregular breath-ing patterns can all be signs of exposure to gases, vapors, orchemicals within the space. The attendant is required byFederal regulation to know the effects of exposure and be able
23、to recognize if the entry team exhibits them.X1.2 The system must accommodate a minimum of threeusers, the attendant, at least one person on the entry team, andone person on the backup or standby team.X1.3 Most rescues are safer if the entry team consists of atleast two members and the system should
24、 expand to include allmembers of both the entry and backup teams.X1.4 The PPE used in confined-space rescue may include;breathing apparatus, protective clothing, and helmets or hard-hats. Communication equipment must work in or under thisequipment. Breathing apparatus may incorporate a microphoneto
25、overcome the problem of transmitting voice communicationthrough the speaking diaphragm or the communication systemmay have a throat microphone which eliminates the need for aspeaking diaphragm. Headphones that dont fit well underhelmets may be replaced with earpieces or other listeningdevices that f
26、it under the helmet. Earpieces that may fall out ofthe ear and are hard to replace under protective hoods whilewearing gloves, may be replaced by small speakers held nearthe ear with a harness or attached to the breathing apparatus.X1.5 Atmospheric hazards in confined spaces are the causeof a vast m
27、ajority of confined-space incidents. Flammable orexplosive atmospheres are just one type of hazardous atmo-sphere. The level of inherent safety approval of any electrically6Classifications for hazardous locations are in the National Electrical Code(NEC).F1764 97 (2012)2powered equipment that is used
28、 in confined spaces is of theutmost importance. Rescuers will not usually enter a spaceunless the atmosphere is at or below 10 % of the lowerexplosive limit (LEL) of the gas or vapor within the space.However, atmospheres in confined spaces are subject to rapidchanges and what might have been accepta
29、ble upon entry maychange dramatically in a very short period of time. Confined-space rescue teams must prepare for the worst possiblescenario and have equipment that is safe in a wide variety ofsituations.X2. EXAMPLES OF CLASSIFICATIONS AND CORRESPONDING RESCUE SITESX2.1 Class I, Division 1 and 2Exa
30、mples include petro-leum refineries, dry cleaning plants, petrochemical plants,hospitals, utilities, aircraft hangers, paint manufacturers, diptanks containing flammable or combustible liquids, and sprayfinishing areas.X2.2 Class II, Division 1 and 2Examples include grainelevators, some coal handlin
31、g or preparation plants, flour andfeed mills, confectionary plants, fireworks manufacturing andstorage, grain ships, areas for packaging and handling ofpulverized sugar and cocoa, manufacturing and storage ofmagnesium, and spice grinding mills.X2.3 Class III, Division 1Examples include woodwork-ing
32、plants, textile mills, cotton gins, cotton seed mills, flax-producing plants, knitting mills, and weaving mills.NOTE X2.1Individual group classifications also apply to AppendixX2 and were omitted for brevity. Appendix X2 is meant as a guidelineonly. If you have specific sites you wish to categorize,
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36、ouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F1764 97 (2012)3
