1、Designation: F 1776 09An American National StandardStandard Specification forEye Protective Devices for Paintball Sports1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1776; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis is the specification for eye, face, and head protective devices, or EHPD, to be used in the sportof pai
3、ntball. Paintball is a sport that, like all sports, has intrinsic hazards. These hazards include beinghit by paintballs. Protective equipment cannot eliminate all injuries but will substantially reduce theirseverity and frequency. Participation in this sport by a player implies acceptance of injury
4、risk. Thegoal of protective equipment is to minimize the risk of injury.Performance requirements are presented and are intended to minimize injury with minimalimpairment of the form and appeal of the sport. This specification is subject to revision as indicatedby subsequent injury statistics.The imp
5、act requirements are designed to give eye, adnexa of eye, and head protection from paintballimpacts likely to be encountered under game conditions. While the EHPD also may protect the userfrom other potential impacts, such as running into tree branches, there are many conceivable impacts,including f
6、alls from heights, which could exceed the specification and result in eye injury despite theuse of the EHPD.1. Scope1.1 This specification applies to eye, face, and head protec-tive devices, designed for use by players of the sport ofpaintball, which minimize or significantly reduce injury to theeye
7、, adnexa of eye, face, and head due to paintball impact orpenetration, or both.1.2 EHPDs by nature provide three types of protection. Thefirst type of protection is for the eyes and adnexa of eye and notnecessarily for any other parts of the face or head. The secondtype of protection adds coverage f
8、or the ears and face. Thethird type of coverage adds cranial coverage in addition to thatprovided to types II and III. These coverage types are definedin Section 8.1.3 This specification does not limit the wearing of eye-glasses or contact lenses when used in conjunction with theEHPD.1.4 The values
9、stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safet
10、y and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 1027 Test Method for Determining Visible Abrasion Re-sistance of Glazed Ceramic TileD 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent Plastic
11、sF 803 Specification for Eye Protectors for Selected SportsF 1979 Specification for Paintballs Used in the Sport ofPaintball2.2 ANSI Standards:ANSI Z80.3 Requirements for Nonprescription Sunglassesand Fashion Eyewear3ANSI Z87.1 Practice for Occupational and Educational Eyeand Face Protectors32.3 Fed
12、eral Standards:4No. 406No. 30221This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.57 onEye Safety for Sports.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009. Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1997
13、. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 1776 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Availa
14、ble from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dr
15、ive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.4 CSA Standard:5CSA Z262.6 Specifications for Facially Featured Head-forms3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 adnexa, nadjunct parts of the eye, including theorbit, orbital contents, eyelids, and t
16、he lacrimal apparatus.3.1.2 astigmatism, na condition in a lens that creates twoaxially separated line foci of each object point, the lines beingmutually perpendicular. In other words, the lens has twodifferent refractive powers in meridians that are 90 apart.3.1.3 base-in, adjrelating to the type o
17、f prism imbalancethat tends to cause parallel rays of light passing through anEHPD, spaced apart by the interpupillary distance, to con-verge.3.1.4 base-out, adjrelating to the type of prism imbalancethat tends to cause parallel rays of light passing through anEHPD, spaced apart by the interpupillar
18、y distance, to diverge.3.1.5 binocular, adjrelating to the field of view that isshared by both eyes simultaneously.3.1.6 central viewing zone, nthat part of a lens that has itscenter in line with the wearers line of sight when lookingstraight ahead. The zone is circular in shape. For the purpose oft
19、his specification, it shall be considered to be 38 mm indiameter. The center of the central viewing zone shall be thepoint of intersection of the line of sight with the lens asmounted on the CSA adult headform,5as specified by themanufacturer.3.1.7 cleanable, adjthe ability of an EHPD to be maderead
20、ily free of dirt or grime without being damaged during anappropriate cleaning process, such as the use of soap and water.3.1.8 coverage, nthose areas of the eye, face, and head ascovered by the EHPD as defined in 8.3.3.1.9 definition, optical, nthe characteristic of a lens thatallows separate distin
21、ct points in close proximity to be dis-cerned when looking through the lens.3.1.10 dislodge, vremove or force an object from itsoriginal position.3.1.11 eye, nrelating to the eye of the headform or the eyeof a person wearing an EHPD or that part of an EHPD throughwhich a wearers eye would normally l
22、ook.3.1.12 eye of the headform, nall structures containedwithin the orbital rim of the CSA headform.3.1.13 EHPD, ndevice that provides protection to thewearers eyes, face, and head against paintball impact orpenetration, or both.3.1.14 haze, nthe fraction of the total transmitted lightfrom a normall
23、y incident beam that is not transmitted in afocused condition but scattered by inclusions or surface de-fects. Excessive haze will reduce contrast and visibility.3.1.15 headform, nas utilized within this standard for theas-worn assessment of EHPDs, key dimensions of which are asprovided in CSA Z262.
24、6.3.1.16 lens, ntransparent part of an EHPD through whichthe wearer normally sees.3.1.16.1 DiscussionThe most common configurations forlenses are single pane and thermal double pane. Thermaldouble pane lenses are usually constructed from a single panelens which has a second clear airtight thermal ba
25、rrier affixed toit to reduce the effects of lens fogging. Some lenses also aretreated with chemical solutions to reduce lens fogging.3.1.17 lens retention component(s), ncomponents, sepa-rate from the lens, that are designed to retain the lens in theframe or body of the EHPD.3.1.18 luminous transmit
26、tance, nluminous transmittanceis a function of the spectral transmittance of the lens weightedby the corresponding ordinates of the photopic luminousefficiency distribution of the CIE (1931) standard colorimetricobserver and by the spectral intensity of standard IlluminationC (see ANSI Z80.3).3.1.19
27、 paintball fragment, na part of the shell of thepaintball that will not be surrounded completely bya3by5-mm rectangle.3.1.20 orbital area, nthe area contained in a circle r =20-mm centered on the pupil of the headform.3.1.21 power imbalance, na condition that exists whenthe refractive power created
28、by the right lens of the EHPD isdifferent from that of the left lens.3.1.22 prism, nthe angular deviation of a ray of light as itpasses through a lens resulting from the angle at which the raystrikes each surface of the lens and the index of refraction ofthe material from which it is made.3.1.23 pri
29、sm imbalance:3.1.23.1 horizontal imbalance, nthe difference in pris-matic deviation of incident parallel light beams on the two eyesof an EHPD in the horizontal meridian (see base-in andbase-out).3.1.23.2 vertical imbalance, nthe difference in prismaticdeviation between parallel light beams incident
30、 on the two eyesof an EHPD in the vertical meridian.3.1.24 refractive power, nthe focusing effect of a lensexpressed in diopters.3.1.25 spherical power, nthe average of the maximummeridional astigmatic power and the minimum meridionalastigmatic power of a lens.4. Performance Requirements4.1 Optical
31、Requirements:4.1.1 Field of ViewWhen tested in accordance with 6.1,the basic EHPD, without any accessories such as a sun visorinstalled, shall have a field of view equal to or exceeding thefollowing:4.1.1.1 Temporal Field50.4.1.1.2 Nasal Field30.4.1.1.3 Superior Field30.4.1.1.4 Inferior Field30.4.1.
32、2 Refractive TolerancesWhen tested in accordancewith 6.6, the spherical power shall not be less than 0.37diopters and shall not exceed +0.06 diopters.4.1.3 AstigmatismWhen tested in accordance with 6.6,the astigmatism shall not exceed 0.25 diopters.5Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA
33、), 5060 Spectrum Way,Mississauga, ON L4W 5N6, Canada, http:/www.csa.ca.F17760924.1.4 Power ImbalanceWhen tested in accordance with6.6, the power imbalance in corresponding meridians betweenthe two eyes for straight ahead seeing shall not exceed 0.18diopters.4.1.5 PrismWhen tested in accordance with
34、6.4 or 6.8, theprimary viewing position of either eye of a shield shall notexceed 0.5 prism diopters.4.1.6 Prism ImbalanceWhen tested in accordance with6.4 or 6.8, the prism imbalance shall meet the followingcriteria:4.1.6.1 Vertical Imbalance, shall not exceed +0.25 diopters.4.1.6.2 Horizontal Imba
35、lancesNegative values (base-in)shall not be less than 0.25 prism diopters, and positive values(base-out) shall not be more than +1.0 prism diopters.4.1.7 Luminous TransmittanceWhen tested in accordancewith 6.3, the luminous transmittance shall not be less than60 % for clear lenses and not less than
36、20 % for tinted lenses,unless labeled very dark in which case the minimum trans-mittance shall be no less than 8 %. All tinted lenses shall belabeled “Not for use in low light conditions.”4.1.8 HazeWhen tested in accordance with 6.5, the hazeof the EHPD lens shall not exceed 3 %.4.1.9 Optical Qualit
37、yWithin the central viewing zone,striae, warpage, surface ripples, or other defects that areapparent under the optical inspection test conditions of 6.2shall be considered a failure. An exception is when smallspecks or inclusions, which are not seen when the lens is heldclose to the eye in the as-wo
38、rn position, shall not be a cause ofrejection.4.1.10 Physical Lens DefectsWithin the central viewingzone, pits, scratches, grayness, bubbles, cracks, water marks, orother defects that are apparent under the visible inspection testconditions of 6.7 shall be considered a failure. An exceptionthat smal
39、l specks or inclusions, which are not seen when thelens is held close to the eye in the as-worn position, shall notbe cause of rejection.4.2 Mechanical Requirements:4.2.1 When tested in accordance with Section 7:4.2.1.1 No contact by components of the EHPD or paintballfragments with the orbital area
40、 of the headform shall bepermitted.4.2.1.2 Any visible fracture of the lens, frame, or EHPDconstitutes a failure.4.2.1.3 Any dislodging of the lens from the frame consti-tutes a failure.4.2.1.4 Any dislodging of a lens retention component fromthe EHPD constitutes a failure.4.2.1.5 Any dislodging of
41、a component of the EHPD thatwould permit contact of a 5-mm diameter probe to the orbitalarea of the headform constitutes failure.4.2.1.6 Any contact of an intact paintball, on the portion ofthe headform protected by the EHPD, after said paintballpenetrated or passed through the protective portion of
42、 theEHPD, constitutes failure.4.2.1.7 Any rotation of the headgear system in the headformthat would permit contact of a 5-mm diameter probe to theorbital area of the headform constitutes failure.5. Sample Preparation5.1 Eye and Head Protective Devices:5.1.1 Only new and complete EHPDs as offered for
43、 saleshall be tested.5.1.2 EHPDs shall be subjected to a single impact test.5.1.3 The EHPD shall be conditioned for a minimum of 4 hat the specified temperature prior to each test.5.2 Test Temperatures:5.2.1 Cold Test, 12.2C6 2C (10F 6 3.5F).5.2.2 Room Temp, 23C6 2C (73F 6 3.5F).5.2.3 Hot Test, 37.8
44、C6 2C (100F 6 3.5F).5.3 Paintballs:5.3.1 All impact testing shall be done using paintballsmanufactured in accordance with the requirements of Specifi-cation F 1979. Paintballs shall be used for impact testing onlyafter a sampling of paintballs taken from the bulk container fallwithin the parameters
45、specified in 5.3.3. The paintball bulkcontainer shall be resealed immediately after each group ofpaintballs is removed. Paintball storage and nontest handlingshall be done at a relative humidity below 55 % and at atemperature between 12.7 and 29C (55 and 85F).5.3.2 Paintballs used for impact testing
46、 shall be conditionedin a sealed packet (bag) for at least 4 h at the specifiedtemperature for each test. Impact testing shall be completedwithin 3 min after removal of the paintballs from theirtemperature conditioning atmosphere.5.3.3 Burst Strength TestDrop 100 paintballs, individu-ally, from a he
47、ight of 2.44 m (8 ft) onto a clean smooth glazedceramic tile of appropriate size with a surface abrasion ratingof class three based upon the PEI rating scale, tested accordingto Test Method C 1027. At least three but no more than 25 ofthe 100 paintballs shall break. Discard the unbroken paintballs.T
48、EST METHODS6. Optical Test Methods6.1 Field of View (Angle of Vision):6.1.1 PurposeThis test method is intended to determinethe relative unobstructed angle visually available to the user.With the EHPD mounted on the standard headform, the pole ofthe cornea shall be visible to an observer when sighte
49、d from therequired field angles in accordance with 4.1.1. Any sightingmethod may be used. Paragraphs 6.1.2-6.1.4 give one method.6.1.2 ApparatusThe concept is to mount a CSA head-form, size specified by the manufacturer or chosen by the testlab, in a gimbal.Any gimbal that is sufficiently large and sturdyand properly inscribed with horizontal and vertical protractormarkings is acceptable. Figs. 1-3 show front and side verticalschematic views of a wooden gimbal that can be constructedwith simple tools. ItemAis the
