1、Designation: F 1779 97 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Practice forReporting Visual Observations of Oil on Water1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1779; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers methods of reporting and recordingvisual observations of oil on water and related activities andphen
3、omena.1.2 This practice applies only to visual observations of oilon water from an airplane or helicopter. While a similar set ofcodes could be used for classifying oil on beaches, this subjectis not discussed in this practice. It does not cover the use ofremote-sensing equipment from aircraft, whic
4、h is discussed ina separate standard.1.3 This practice is applicable for all types of oil under avariety of environmental and geographical situations.1.4 Visual observations of oil on water from the air involvea number of safety issues associated with the operation ofairplanes or helicopters at low
5、altitudes. These are not dealtwith in this practice, but the observer should be aware of thehazards of such operations.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pri
6、ate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Significance and Use2.1 This practice can be used by surveillance and trackingstaff to report visual observations to the clients of visualobservations. The data produced from such observations
7、willprovide the basis for preparing maps of the oil-slick location.2.2 This practice provides a procedure for reporting thevisual observation of oil on water in a systematic manner andin a common format that can be readily understood by bothobservers and users of visual oil-spill observation maps.2.
8、3 This practice deals with the possibility that materialsother than oil might be confused with oil when using visualobservation methods.3. Observational Methods3.1 The basic information needed from a visual observationprogram includes the slick size and location, as well as itscharacteristics and sh
9、ape. The location and some aspects of theeffectiveness of a response operation can be easily determinedfrom an aerial platform. Reports on the presence of wildlifeand the proximity of oil to environmentally sensitive areas areuseful information that can be generated from overflights.3.2 Observers of
10、 oil on water will generally use either ahelicopter or a small fixed-wing airplane. The planes shall becapable of slow-speed flight (120 to 240 km/h; 60 to 120 knots)for extended periods of time and have good forward and sidevisibility. The aircraft shall have adequate range and enduranceconsistent
11、with the size and location of the spill.3.3 If possible, two observers should be used, one on theport and the other on the starboard side of the aircraft.Provision shall be made for the two observers to communicatereadily between themselves and with the flight crew. This canbe accomplished by using
12、standard aviation headphones andnoise-cancelling microphones connected to an aircraft inter-com system. Such equipment is readily available on thecommercial market.3.4 Standard maps shall be provided to the observers, so thattheir data can be easily transferred to a single map or map setfor reportin
13、g and dissemination. These maps can be based onmarine charts, topographic maps or special maps produced forthe spill. Useful scales vary from 1:10000 to 1:50000. It isdifficult to plot information to the required accuracy usingmaps of a larger scale.3.5 The flight path shall be shown on all maps. An
14、 initialproposed flight path should be prepared prior to the flight.During the flight, deviations from this plan may be necessary inorder to observe the total area of the slick.3.6 Typical flight altitudes range from (100 to 1000 m (300to 3000 ft) depending on the nature of the spill and on the clou
15、dceiling at flight time. There are flight safety considerationsassociated with low-altitude flying.3.7 The best angle to observe an oil slick is directly aboveit looking straight down. This is known as a nadir observation.The flight path should be adjusted, wherever possible, toprovide observers wit
16、h a nadir view of the slick. For mostfixed-wing aircraft, it is not possible to observe directlydownwards, and therefore the flight path should be chosen toallow for observation of the spill at as near the vertical aspossible.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSu
17、bstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.Current edition approved Feb. 10, 1997. Published April 1997 .1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Meth
18、ods of Reporting4.1 Reporting NeedsThere are a number of characteristicsof the slick that shall be reported in order to provide the userof visual observations with the appropriate amount of infor-mation. The following characteristics shall be reported for eachslick that is observed during a reconnai
19、ssance flight. Theseobservations are a snap-shot in time. Both the location andcharacteristics of an oil slick change rapidly. In order to beuseful for responders, the information should be available ashort time after it is obtained (typically less than 3 h).4.2 Color of SlickThis shall be reported
20、as a color code, asfollows:4.2.1 Brown or BlackB.4.2.2 Brown or Black with a red tinge signifying presence ofan Emulsion or mousseE.4.2.3 Rainbow sheenR.4.2.4 Grey or Silver Grey sheenG.4.3 Percentage Coverage and Character of SlickPercentage of area as described that is covered by oil.4.4 The chara
21、cter of the slick shall be noted such as follows:4.4.1 WindrowsW.4.4.2 ContinuousC.4.4.3 Tar BallsT.4.4.4 PancakesP.4.5 The eight parameters in 4.2 and 4.4 give a description ofthe oil slick.4.6 Slick FeaturesIf the leading edge of the slick can beidentified, is should be noted as a heavy line.4.7 T
22、he preceding data complete the description of the slick,as it would be placed on a base map.4.8 Other PropertiesThere are a number of secondaryrelated features that can be easily observed during a reconnais-sance flight, and should be reported on the surveillance map, ifappropriate. This recording o
23、f such information yields addi-tional useful data from a surveillance flight, but should not beregarded as a primary function of the flight. These observationsinclude:4.8.1 Mechanical response operations (such as booms andskimmers)M.4.8.2 Dispersant or chemical response operationsD.4.8.3 In-situ bur
24、ning (Fire) response operationsF.4.8.4 Shoreline cleanup in the areaS.4.8.5 Animals or birds seen in areaA.4.8.6 Wildlife Habitat in areaH.4.8.7 Ocean featuresO.4.8.8 EXtra features such as ice, debrisX.4.9 Each element shall be separated by a forward slash (/)except for other properties which are i
25、ncluded as a group. Thusa slick could be described as B/50/W/M. This can be decodedas a slick containing Black oil with a 50 % coverage. The oil isin Windrows and a Mechanical response operation is beingundertaken.5. Voice Communications5.1 Need for Voice CommunicationsSince timeliness isvery import
26、ant, rapid communication of observations is essen-tial. There are many situations that require the use of voicecommunications, either by radio or telephone to describe an oilslick. In this case, sufficient information shall be communi-cated in order to allow the recipient to produce a map of theobse
27、rvations.5.2 Location of ObservationThis location shall be re-ported in latitude and longitude of the apparent centre of the oilslick being observed. If the leading edge of the slick can belocated, its position should be reported. This data can bedetermined using the aircraft navigation instruments
28、or using aportable GPS receiver. It shall be reported in degrees, minutesand seconds or in degrees, minutes with two decimal points. Ifit is not possible to obtain the latitude and longitude of thelocation, an estimate of the range and bearing, from a properlyidentified geographical reference, shall
29、 be used. Alternately,aircraft navigation instruments such as VOR/DME or Lorancan be used, if available.5.3 Size and Shape of SlickThe size and shape of the slickshall be reported. The units used shall be kilometres or metresand represent the major and minor axis of the slick.5.4 Orientation of Slic
30、kThe orientation of the major axisshall be given using degrees from North. In the case of a slickof complex shape, it shall be divided into a number of smallerslicks of simple geometry.5.5 Sequence of DataMany telephone lines and radiocommunications are very noisy. This is especially true oftransmis
31、sion from small aircraft and helicopters used foroil-spill surveillance. To promote brevity and standardize thetransmission of data, the following sequence should be used. Ifplain language can be used, it should be but the sequence oftransmission should be maintained. This means that a strictsequenc
32、e must be observed in the transmission of surveillancedata. This sequence is:5.5.1 Latitude of slick centreN or S,5.5.2 Longitude of slick centreE or W,5.5.3 Leading edge-LongitudeN or S or None,5.5.4 Leading edge-LatitudeN or S or None,5.5.5 Length of major axis in kilometres,5.5.6 Length of minor
33、axis in kilometres,5.5.7 Orientation of major axis in degrees from North,5.5.8 Color of slickB, E, R, G,5.5.9 Percentage coveragePercent,5.5.10 Character of slickW, C, T, P,5.5.11 Other propertiesM, D, F, S, A, H, O, X, and5.5.12 END.5.6 If an element is not present, a dash () shall be used. Ata min
34、imum, the first eight parameters shall be transmitted andas many as needed of the ninth parameter (Other properties) asa single group. The transmission shall be terminated by theword END.5.6.1 Thus, a slick could be described as follows: Latitudeof Slick Centre 58238059 N (slash) Longitude of slick
35、centre176128159 W (slash) Latitude of Leading Edge 58238409 N(slash) Longitude of Leading Edge 176108209 W (slash) 3 km(slash) 1 km (slash) 40 (slash) B (slash) 50 (slash) C (slash) M(slash) END. This means that there isa3by1kmslick orientednorth-east (40) containing Black oil with a 50 % coverage.T
36、he oil is in Continuous and there is a Mechanical responseoperation in the area. Another example is the descriptionLatitude of Slick Centre 58238059 N (slash) Longitude of slickF 1779 97 (2003)2centre 176128159 W (slash) None (slash) None (slash) 3 km(slash) 1 km (slash) 40 (slash) dash (slash) dash
37、 (slash) dash(slash) M (Slash) END, where visibility was poor and thenature of the slick could not be determined.6. Mapping6.1 There are three different styles of maps typically pro-duced during the operation of a visual flight program in theresponse to an incident. These are: preparation of a base
38、map,conducting the overflight and preparation of a map during theflight, and finally, preparation of a computer-generated map forpresentation purposes based on the overflight hand-preparedmap. Standards for computer-generated maps are not includedin this practice.6.2 A base map should be prepared th
39、at covers the area ofthe spill. If the spill is very large, more than one base map maybe required. They should have sufficient detail to guide theobserver in the aircraft. The area covered should be consistentwith the size of the spill, but should probably not exceed 100km by 100 km. A typical examp
40、le of a base map is shown inFig. 1. This map should include the location of the spill xcirc, the command centre and other geographic features that willassist the user in the understanding of the map. Any informa-tion that is common to all maps should be placed on the basemap.FIG. 1 Typical Example o
41、f Base MapF 1779 97 (2003)36.3 The next type of map uses the base map and the concisenotation described earlier to record data obtained during anoverflight. This map is hand-drawn. It is the combined respon-sibility of the observers and the generator of the computer mapto produce the final map which
42、 correctly describes the obser-vational data. An example of an overflight map is shown in Fig.2.6.4 Users of visual observations may well request an esti-mate of the amount of oil on the water. While this cannot bedone with any degree of accuracy, Table 1 provides a guide forundispersed oil.FIG. 2 O
43、verflight MapF 1779 97 (2003)4ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof in
44、fringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this stan
45、dard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your v
46、iews known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contac
47、ting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Visual Observations and Estimating Volume ofUndispersed OilOil Color CodeThickness Range,mAm3of oil per km2Brown or Black B 505000 505000Emulsi
48、on E 20010 000 20010 000BRainbow R 0.152.0 0.152.0Grey or Silver Grey G 0.040.15 0.040.15AThe thickness in microns (m) has the same value as the volume in m3perkm2. These values assume continuous coverage of surface and should beadjusted for situations where the oil covers only a fraction of the area.BThis refers to the volume of the fluid. The water-to-oil ratio in many emulsionsis as high as 4:1.F 1779 97 (2003)5
