1、Designation: F1780 97 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Guide forEstimating Oil Spill Recovery System Effectiveness1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1780; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the key factors to consider in estimat-ing the effectiveness of containment and recovery systems thatmay
3、 be used to assist in the control of oil spills on water.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide the user withinformation on assessing the effective use of spill-cleanupequipment. It is intended for use by those involved in planningfor and responding to oil spills.1.3 Sections of this guide desc
4、ribe calculation proceduresfor estimating recovery system effectiveness. It should beunderstood that any such calculations cannot be expected topredict system performance, but are intended to provide acommon basis for comparing system performance.1.4 One of the main reasons that the calculation proc
5、edurescannot be used to predict system performance is that theanalysis is sensitive to assumptions made on the properties ofthe oil slick, and particularly the changes in slick thickness andemulsification. It is emphasized that the purpose of this guideis not to provide a standard method for estimat
6、ing slickproperty changes, but rather to provide a standard guide forusing that information in comparing system performance.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This international standard was developed in acc
7、or-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AS
8、TM Standards:2F625 Practice for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill ControlSystemsF631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data inControlled EnvironmentsF808 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data inUncontrolled Environments (Withdrawn 1997)3F1523 Guide for Selection of Booms in Accordanc
9、e WithWater Body Classifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 advancing skimmer, na skimmer that is designed tobe used to sweep out the spill area.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe skimmer may be independent ormay be attached to containment boom to increase sweep width.In some cases, the skimmer may not b
10、e attached to the boombut is positioned in the pocket of the boom for skimming. Aslong as the skimmer operates while moving, it is considered tobe an advancing skimmer. Some skimmers are used in both anadvancing and stationary mode. These are classified accordingto their application.3.1.2 contained
11、spills, na spill that is restricted fromspreading by containment boom or natural means.3.1.3 oil slick encounter rate, nthe volume of oil slick perunit time actively encountered by the oil spill recovery system,and therefore available for containment and recovery (m3/h).3.1.4 oil spill recovery syst
12、em, na combination of devicesthat operate together to recover spilled oil; the system wouldinclude some or all of the following components: (1) contain-ment boom, (2) skimmer, (3) support vessels to deploy andoperate the boom and skimmer, (4) discharge/transfer pumps,(5) oil/water separator, (6) tem
13、porary storage devices, and (7)shore based storage/disposal.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.12 on Removal.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Ori
14、ginallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F1780 97 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/F1780-97R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan
15、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance
16、with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.5 recovery system effectiveness, n
17、the volume of oilthat is removed from the environment by a given recoverysystem in a given recovery period.3.1.6 recovery period, nthe time available for recoverysystems to carry out cleanup operations.3.1.7 response time, nthe time interval between the spillincident and the start of cleanup operati
18、ons.3.1.8 stationary skimmer, na skimmer that is intended tobe used in a fixed location and is moved to new accumulationsof oil as skimming progresses.3.1.8.1 DiscussionSome stationary skimmers are used in acontainment boom system that moves to collect oil, thenpauses to permit the skimmer to recove
19、r the oil collected. Eventhough this system moves periodically, the skimmer is stillranked as a stationary skimmer because it operates when thesystem is at rest.3.1.9 uncontained spill, na spill that continues to spreadafter the recovery effort begins.4. Summary of Guide4.1 In evaluating the effecti
20、veness of containment andrecovery systems used in response to oil spills, many factorsneed to be considered of which skimmer performance is butone. The objective of this guide is to describe a range of factorsthat must be considered in estimating recovery system effec-tiveness.4.2 In order to evalua
21、te a recovery system, there are twogeneral types of information required, a set of information todescribe the spill scenario against which the system will bemeasured, and a set of information to describe the performancecharacteristics of the recovery system.4.3 Information on the spill is required t
22、o adequately definethe problem and thereby provide a focus for the evaluationprocess. The spill should be defined in sufficient detail as toallow an unambiguous interpretation of its behavior in terms ofthe operating parameters of the countermeasures system. Forcertain purposes it may be desirable t
23、o develop a set ofstandard spill scenarios against which response system effec-tiveness would be measured in a quantifiable manner.4.4 The performance characteristics must be identified forthe recovery system and its various components. In general, theinformation requirements will include the rates
24、or capacities, orboth, the operating limitations, and the support requirements.4.5 This guide covers equipment-related factors that willaffect recovery-system effectiveness. Additional important fac-tors that are not covered in this guide but should be consideredas being critical to the success of a
25、 spill response include:contingency planning; communications plans; government ap-provals; logistics of supporting manpower and equipment inthe field; and training and exercising of manpower.5. Spill-related Information5.1 Spill Type:5.1.1 Response strategies will depend to some extent on thetype of
26、 spill. The spill scenario should be defined as to whetherit is an instantaneous or continuous release, whether or not thespill has ceased flowing, and whether the spill is contained oruncontained.5.2 Oil Slick PropertiesThe following oil slick propertiesmust be specified for the spill scenario. As
27、some of theseproperties may vary with time, it may be desirable to usecomputer-based behavior models to produce spill propertyinformation for the time period of interest. For certain appli-cations it may be useful to produce standard sets of spillproperty information that describe spills of interest
28、 as afunction of time.5.2.1 Spill VolumeThe total volume of oil spilled shouldbe specified (m3). For spills that have not ceased, a spill rate(m3/h) should also be specified.5.2.2 Spill AreaThe total spill area must be estimated inorder to calculate estimates of slick thickness. For uncontainedspill
29、s, the total spill area will increase over time; estimates canbe made using computer-based behavior models.Alternatively,a simplified spreading model (Fig. 1: example spreadingcurves) can be used for first-order estimates.5.2.3 Slick ThicknessSlick thickness is used in subsequentcalculations of syst
30、em encounter rate. Slick thickness is de-fined as the overall average thickness of the slick, and isestimated by dividing the spill volume by the total spill area atany given time. For this calculation, spill volume should takeinto account losses from the slick due to evaporation andnatural dispersi
31、on, and increases to the slick volume due toemulsification. For uncontained spills, natural spreading forceswill cause the slick thickness to decline steadily duringrecovery operations, and may result in a discontinuous slickcomposed of windows and patches separated by sheen or openwater, or both. T
32、hese factors should be considered in estimat-ing an overall average slick thickness.5.2.4 Slick ViscosityThe viscosity of the spilled product isused as a criteria to evaluate skimmer performance, as manyskimming and pumping units will perform less effectively asviscosity increases. The viscosity of
33、the spilled product willgenerally increase through the recovery period as the oil issubjected to weathering and emulsification processes. Theviscosity should be specified as mm2/s (cSt).FIG. 1 Total Slick Area versus TimeF1780 97 (2018)25.2.5 EmulsificationEmulsification is important as a spillproce
34、ss not only for its effect on oil viscosity but also becausean emulsified oil represents a greater total volume of spillproduct that must be handled by skimming and pumpingsystems. Many crude oils and refined products will tend toemulsify over the life of the spill depending on the propertiesof the
35、oil and the level of wave energy in the spill environment.The degree of emulsification should be specified as theemulsified water content expressed as a percentage.5.2.5.1 It is recognized that emulsification rates for oilspilled in the marine environment will vary greatly dependingon the oil proper
36、ties, spill size, sea conditions, and temperature.As noted in 1.4, it is not the intent of this guide to providestandard rates of emulsification for a variety of oil products andenvironmental conditions. For the purposes of comparingsystem performance, the data in Table 1 is provided as anexample of
37、 emulsification data for crude oil over a period ofseveral days. Users of this guide are encouraged to usealternative data that suits their particular oils and environmen-tal conditions.5.3 Spill Environment:5.3.1 TemperatureWater temperature is important as aparameter for estimating oil slick prope
38、rties as well as the rateof change of those properties due to weathering and emulsifi-cation. (It is assumed that the temperature of the oil slick is thesame as the water on which the oil is floating.) Watertemperature is defined as the temperature of the upper surfacelayer and should be specified a
39、s C.5.3.1.1 Air temperature may be important as a parameter formodifying or limiting the performance of skimming andpumping equipment, and should be specified as C.5.3.2 Wind/WavesThe wind and wave environment isimportant to the analysis for two reasons; first, as a parameterin estimating the behavi
40、or changes of the oil slick, and second,as a limiting factor for recovery operations. For the firstpurpose, average wind speeds (km/h) should be specified. Forthe purpose of establishing criteria for limiting recoveryoperations, exceedance statistics (significant wave height)should be specified for
41、the spill location. Exceedance criteriashould be expressed as the percentage of time that conditionswill allow recovery operations with reference to the equipmentselected for the response and the environmental criteria listedin Practice F625. For example, for spills in open water, waveexceedance dat
42、a should be specified as the percentage of timethat waves are less than or equal to 2 m, which would representthe percentage of time that equipment specified for open wateruse would be applicable.5.3.3 CurrentThe presence of water currents may influ-ence the selection of response strategies for a sp
43、ill scenario,and may lead to a reduction in containment effectiveness incertain applications. The water currents, in m/s, should bespecified for a given environment, with due regard to any localvariations.5.3.4 VisibilityDue to concerns with worker safety in poorvisibility, as well as the inefficien
44、cies related to the monitoring,tracking, and containment of oil slicks during periods of poorvisibility, it is assumed in general that recovery operations areonly possible when there is daylight and visibility of greaterthan 500 m (0.25 n.miles). Both of these factors should beexpressed as the perce
45、ntage of time that conditions exist thatwould allow effective operations.5.3.4.1 It may be possible to effectively operate duringperiods of darkness and poor visibility if the recovery systemincludes adequate lighting equipment, remote sensing systemsfor assisting monitoring and containment efforts,
46、 or highlyaccurate navigation systems, or combination thereof. This maybe particularly applicable to spills in nearshore and protectedwaters. In such cases a more liberal criteria for visibilitylimitations could be specified.5.3.5 Summary of Environmental Applicability FactorsThe wave exceedance, da
47、ylight, and visibility factors can becombined to produce an overall applicability factor that wouldrepresent the percentage of time that a given recovery systemcould be effectively used for a given spill scenario. Forexample, for an environment that has waves less than 2 m for80 % of the time, recei
48、ves 14 h of daylight, and has visibilitygreater than 500 m for 95 % of the time (note: all figuresshould be specified for the time of year of interest), theenvironmental applicability would be estimated as:(0.80) (1424) (0.95) = 44 %.5.4 Spill Location:5.4.1 Spill location should be specified with r
49、espect todistance of response bases, in order to estimate transit times forthe recovery systems, and with respect to shoreline, in order toestimate the time available to respond prior to shoreline oiling.Spill location may also be of importance when evaluatingrecovery systems that include the shuttling of recovered oilbetween the recovery site and temporary storage locations, inwhich case transit times may have to be deducted from theon-site availability of storage systems.6. Recovery System Information6.1 Containment System Operating Factors:6.1.1 Encou
