1、Designation: F1789 11b F1789 12Standard Terminology forF16 Mechanical Fasteners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1789; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of definitions for terminology used for mechanical fasteners.1.2 Terms in this terminology are organi
3、zed alphabetically. In Appendix X1 they are listed under fastener characteristic.1.3 Additional definitions are shown in ANSI/ASME B18.12; IFI Glossary of Terms, IFI-139 and IFI-140; and SAE J412.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsE456 Termin
4、ology Relating to Quality and StatisticsF432 Specification for Roof and Rock Bolts and AccessoriesF2428 Guide for Selection and Use for Pelvic Ring Circumferential Compression Stabilization Devices (PRCCSD)2.2 ANSI/ASME Standard:3B18.12 Glossary of Terms for Mechanical Fasteners2.3 IFI Standards:4Gl
5、ossary of Terms Relating to Aerospace FastenersIFI-139 Quality Assurance Requirements for Fastener Testing LaboratoriesIFI-140 Carbon and Alloy Steel Wire, Rods, and Bars for Mechanical Fasteners2.4 SAE Standard:5SAE J412 General Characteristics and Heat Treatments of Steels2.5 ISO/IEC Standards:6IS
6、O/IEC 17011 Conformity assessment - General requirements for accreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessmentbodiesISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories3. TerminologyMechanical Fastener Definitionsacceptance numbernumerical value represen
7、ting the maximum number of permissible non-conformances within a samplesubmitted for testing and acceptance of the population.accredited laboratoryan organization found to be operating in conformance with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17025 by anaccrediting body that has been found to be compliant to
8、ISO/IEC 17011, and is recognized as a signatory to the InternationalLaboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).age hardenedprecipitation of constituents within certain alloy metals to increase mechanical properties.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of
9、 ASTM Committee F16 on Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.94 on Terminology.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011June 1, 2012. Published December 2011August 2012. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2011 asF1789 11a.F1789 11b. DOI: 10.1520/F1789
10、-11B.10.1520/F1789-12.2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National S
11、tandards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4 Available from Industrial Fasteners Institute, 1717 E. 9th Street, Suite 1105, Cleveland, OH 44114. http:/www.indfast.org5 Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warren
12、dale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.6 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standar
13、d an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM i
14、s to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1alloy groupmaterials grouped by their chemical designation and considered to be functionally or chemically similar for generalpurpose use.alloy s
15、teelsteel is considered to be alloy when the maximum range given for manganese exceeds 1.65 % or a definite minimumquantity for any of the following elements is specified or required within the limits of the recognized field of constructional alloysteels: chromium, molybdenum, nickel, or any other a
16、lloying element added to obtain a desired alloying effect.alterto change fastener properties such as hardness, tensile strength, surface finish, length, or other characteristics of the fastenerthrough such processes as heat treatment, plating, and machining.alterationalterationinsignificant alterati
17、onany change to the fastener from its purchased condition that results in no diminished or modifiedmechanical, metallurgical, or functional properties.significant alterationany change to the fastener from its as purchased condition that results in modified mechanical,metallurgical, or functional pro
18、perties.alteration distributordistributor of fasteners who alters a fastener prior to sale and assumes the full responsibilities of thealteration and its affected mechanical and performance characteristics.anchor boltsteel rod or bar, one end of which is intended to be cast in concrete while the opp
19、osite end is threaded and projectsfrom the concrete for anchoring other material to the concrete. The end cast in concrete may be either straight or provided withan anchor, such as a bent hook, forged head, or a tapped or welded attachment to resist forces imposed on the anchor bolt asrequired.annea
20、linggeneral term applied to a variety of thermal treatments applied to fasteners for the purpose of softening orhomogenizing material properties. The specific types of annealing are:full annealingheating steel above the upper critical transformation temperature, holding it there long enough to fully
21、 transformthe steel to austenite, and then cooling it at a controlled rate, in a furnace, to below a specified temperature. A full anneal refinesgrain structure and provides a relatively soft, ductile material that is free of internal stresses.intercritical annealing/isothermal annealingheating a st
22、eel above the lower critical transformation temperature, but below theupper-critical transformation temperature, to dissolve all the iron carbides, but not transform all the ferrite to austenite. Coolingslowly from this temperature, through the lower critical temperature, produces a structure of fer
23、rite and pearlite that is free ofinternal stresses. In intercritical annealing, the steel continues to cool slowly in the furnace, similarly to full annealing. Inisothermal annealing, cooling is stopped just below the lower critical, assuring complete transformation to ferrite and coarsepearlite, an
24、d eliminating the potential for bainite formation. The coarse pearlite structure greatly improves machinability ofmedium carbon steels.normalizingvariation of full annealing in which steel is heated above the upper critical temperature and is then air cooled in air,rather than in a furnace. Normaliz
25、ing relieves the internal stresses caused by previous working, and while it produces sufficientsoftness and ductility for many purposes, it leaves the steel harder and with a higher tensile strength than full annealing. Toremove cooling stresses, normalizing if often followed by tempering.process an
26、nealingsometimes called subcritical annealing or stress relieving, performed at temperatures just below the lowercritical temperature. Process annealing neither refines grains nor redissolves cementite, but does improve the ductility anddecreases residual stress in work-hardened steel.solution annea
27、lingheating an austenitic stainless steel to a temperature that puts the carbides into solution. The steel is held atthis temperature long enough to achieve grain growth. It is then quenched in a medium for fast cooling, which prevents mostof the carbides from reprecipitating. The process achieves o
28、ptimum creep strength.spheroidize annealingtype of subcritical annealing used to soften steel and improve machinability. Heat treating fine pearlite fora long time just below the lower critical temperature of the steel, followed by a very slow cooling, produces a spheroidal orglobular form of the pe
29、arlite.stabilization annealingheating an austenitic stainless steel used in severe aqueous corrosion environments by first solutionannealing and then reheating to about 1600F, and holding at that temperature. The treatment causes grain boundary precipitationof carbides, but also the hold time permit
30、s the chromium remaining in the austenite solution to redistribute within the grains,restoring corrosion resistance, even adjacent to the grain boundaries.applicable standardsthose having the capability of being applied in some fashion to the host standard.arbitration hardness locationprescribed loc
31、ation on the fastener, such as at mid-radius, using 90 intervals taken through thecross section, one diameter from the threaded end for bolts and screws.F1789 122assembly lotassembly lot may consist of a combination of different products. As long as the products that make up the assemblyare in accor
32、dance with lot, the quantity of assemblies determine the sample size. Example: ten assemblies consisting of a bolt,nut, and a washer would have a lot size of ten if the bolts, nuts, and washers meet the criteria of lot. However, if any of thecomponents in the assembly are not in accordance with lot
33、then the ten assemblies will have to be separated into lots that meetall the requirements of lot.austenitic stainless alloyssteel alloys that contain a minimum of 15 % chromium and from a residual to 20 % nickel. Somealloys may contain as much as 18 % manganese. The metal is predominantly face cente
34、red cubic in structure and hardenableonly by cold working. Essentially nonmagnetic in its wire form, it may become slightly magnetic from cold working. Austeniticstainless steels can be grouped into three categories: 300 series alloy, Cr-Ni-Mn alloys, and Cr-Ni-Mo-Ti.average coating thicknessdetermi
35、ned as either the value obtained by analytical methods or the mean value of a specifiednumber of local thickness measurements that are evenly distributed over the significant surface.baking durationtime measured from when the plated product reaches a specified temperature in the baking furnace or ov
36、en untilit is removed.barsolid rolled or forged section that is long in relationship to its cross-sectional dimensions with a relatively constantcross-section throughout its length. Carbon and alloy steel bars are produced from hot rolled or cast billets, or from blooms rolledsingle strand into coil
37、s.barrel-plating processfastener-coating process which employs a containment vessel called a barrel that is designed to move agiven batch of fasteners together through each of the process steps, allowing ready ingress and egress of processing solutionsand rinses. As the barrel moves through the proc
38、ess steps, it is rotated or oscillated, causing the fasteners to cascade over oneanother, and in the electrocleaning and electroplating steps, and electric current is applied.batch average thicknesscalculated average thickness of a coating if it were uniformly distributed on the surfaces of the item
39、s.batch lota quantity of identical fasteners of the same part number, taken from a production lot subjected as one batch to the samefastener manufacturing processes such as plating or heat treatment, etc.bend testvarious tests in which a fastener is bent through its axis or on a round mandrel to det
40、ermine the toughness and ductilityof the fastener.bendable boltsbolts furnished with an altered section at some location at which the bolt will bend.beveled washera washer which is square or rectangular with a beveled one to six ratio surface for use with American Standardbeams and channels.bilatera
41、l specificationsspecifications that have both an upper and a lower value.boltheaded and externally threaded fastener designed to be assembled with a nut.bolt load - elongation behaviorwhen tensile loaded, a bolt will elongate elastically until stressed beyond its proportional limitwhere it will beha
42、ve plastically.bolt-nut-washer assemblya combination of bolt, nut, and washer components from singular lots that have been assembled,lubricated as necessary, tested as required, and prepared for shipment to a customer creating a unique set and certifiable lot.break loose torquetorque applied in a re
43、moval direction necessary to start the fastener in motion from its fully preloadedinstalled position.breakaway torquetorque necessary to start a fastener in motion after the axial load of the mating components has been reducedto zero.burstopen break in the metal during forging located on the flats o
44、r corners of bolt and screw heads, or at the periphery of aflanged or circular headed bolt or screw, or on the flats or corners of the nut.carbide precipitation “sensitization”condition which affects some austenitic stainless steels which have been subjected totemperatures in the critical range, typ
45、ically 800 to 1400F. Complex chromium carbides precipitate and reside primarily at thegrain boundaries, causing deterioration of its corrosion resistance by depleting its adjacent areas of chromium.carbon boron steelcarbon steel in which boron has been intentionally added at a minimum of 0.0005 % an
46、d a maximum of0.003 % in order to obtain an expected hardenability.carbon steelsteel for which no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, molybdenum, nickel, or any otherelement added to obtain a desired alloying effect; or steel for which maximum content specified for manganese does
47、not exceed1.65 %. When specified, boron may be added to killed carbon steel with a maximum allowable of 0.003 %.F1789 123carburizationprocess or result of increasing carbon content of the surface layers of the steel fastener product. F2428case hardeninga process which intentionally produces a surfac
48、e hardness for a steel fastener that is harder than its core.center hardnesshardness of the core of a bolt, screw, or stud measured at the center of a transverse section. Center hardnessmeasurement is not the location for determining conformance of hardness to product specifications. Refer to mid-ra
49、diushardness and surface hardness.certificate of compliancedocument or electronic record, signed by an authorized party, affirming that the supplier of the fasteneror related service, or both, has met the requirements of the relevant specifications, contract, or regulation.certificate of conformancedocument or electronic record affirming that the fastener has met the requirements of the relevantspecifications, contract, or regulation.certificationprocedure and action by a duly authorized body of determining, verifying, a
