1、Designation: F1797 14F1797 15Standard Test Method forAcoustic Emission Testing of Insulated and Non-InsulatedDigger Derricks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1797; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for acoustic emission (AE) testing of digger derricks.1.1.1 Equipment
3、 CoveredThis test method applies to special multipurpose vehicle-mounted machines, commonly known asdigger derricks. These machines are primarily designed to dig holes, set poles, and position materials and apparatus.1.1.1.1 Insulated and non-insulated type digger derricks may be evaluated with this
4、 test method.1.1.1.2 Digger derricks, if so equipped to position personnel or equipment, or both, may also be evaluated with this test methodin conjunction with Test Method F914.1.1.2 Equipment Not CoveredExcluded from this test method are general-purpose cranes designed only for lifting service and
5、machines primarily designed only for digging holes.1.2 TheAE test method is used to detect and area-locate emission sources. Verification of emission sources may require the useof other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such as radiography, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and visua
6、linspection.1.3 WarningThis test method requires that external loads be applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test. Duringthe test, caution must be taken to safeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failure or instability of the vehicle orcomponents.1.4 This standard does not
7、 purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2
8、E94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact TestingE164 Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of WeldmentsE569 Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled StimulationE610 Terminology Relating to Acoustic Emission
9、 (Withdrawn 1991)3E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission SensorsE750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission InstrumentationE976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor ResponseE1417/E1417M Practice for Liquid Penetrant TestingE1444/E1444M Practic
10、e for Magnetic Particle TestingF914 Test Method forAcoustic Emission for Insulated and Non-InsulatedAerial Personnel Devices Without Supplemental LoadHandling Attachments1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F18 on Electrical Protective Equipment for Workers and is the direc
11、t responsibility of SubcommitteeF18.55 on Inspection and Non-Destructive Test Methods for Aerial Devices.Current edition approved April 1, 2014April 1, 2015. Published April 2014May 2015. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 20092014 asF17970914.1. DOI: 10.1520/F1797-14.10.
12、1520/F1797-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical
13、standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM
14、recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 Other
15、 Standards:ASNT Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing4ANSI A10.31 Digger DerricksSafety Requirements, Definitions, and Specifications5EMI Nomenclature and Specifications for Truck-Mounted Extensible Aerial Devices, Articulating Aerial Devi
16、ces, Digger-Derricks63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acoustic emission, AEthe class of phenomena whereby elastic waves are generated by the rapid release of energy froma localized source or sources within a material, or the transient elastic wave(s) so generated.3.1.1.1 Discussionacoustic emissi
17、on is the recommended term for general use. Other terms that have been used in AE literature include (1) stresswave emission, (2) micro-seismic activity, and (3) emission or acoustic emission with other qualifying modifiers.3.1.2 amplitude (acoustic emission signal amplitude)the peak voltage of the
18、largest excursion attained by the signal waveformfrom an emission event.3.1.3 amplitude distributiona display of the number of acoustic emission events with signals that exceed an arbitraryamplitude as a function of amplitude.3.1.4 attenuationloss of energy per unit distance, typically measured as l
19、oss of signal peak amplitude with unit distance fromthe source of emission.3.1.5 channelan input to the main AE instrument that accepts a preamplifier output.3.1.6 commonedtwo or more sensors interconnected such that the sensor outputs are electronically processed by a singlechannel without differen
20、tiation of sensor origin. (syn. teed)3.1.7 count, n(acoustic emission count) the number of times the acoustic emission signal amplitude exceeds a preset thresholdduring any selected portion of a test.3.1.8 decibel, dBa reference scale that expresses the logarithmic ratio of a signal peak amplitude t
21、o a fixed referenceamplitude.Signal peak amplitude dB!520 log10 A1A0(1)4 Available from American Society of Nondestructive Testing, 4153 Arlingate Plaza, Caller #28518, Columbus, OH 43228.5 Available from the American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.6 Available from t
22、he Equipment Manufacturers Institute, 410 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60611.FIG. 1 Digger Derrick NomenclatureF1797 152where:A0 = 1 V at the sensor output (before amplification), andA1 = peak voltage of the measured acoustic emission signal.Acoustic Emission Reference ScaledB Value Voltage AtSenso
23、r Output Voltage at Integral PreampSensor Output (40 dB Gain)0 1 V 100 V20 10 V 1 mV40 100 V 10 mV60 1 mV 100 mV80 10 mV 1 V100 100 mV 10 V3.1.9 event (acoustic emission event)a local material change giving rise to acoustic emission.3.1.10 event count, Nthe number obtained by counting each discerned
24、 acoustic emission event once.3.1.11 first-hita mode of operation of AE monitoring equipment in which an event occurring on one channel will prevent allother channels from processing data for a specified period of time. The channel with a sensor closest to the physical location ofthe emission source
25、 will then be the only channel processing data from that source.3.1.12 insulatorany part of the digger derrick such as, but not limited to, any of the extensible boom sections or supportingstructure, made of a material having a high dielectric strength, usually FRP or the equivalent.3.1.13 noiseany
26、undesired signal that tends to interfere with the normal reception or processing of the desired signal.3.1.14 qualified personnelpersonnel who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, professional standing, or skill, andwho, by knowledge, training, and experience, have demonstrated the ab
27、ility to deal with problems relating to the subject matter,the work, or the project.3.1.15 signal (emission signal)a signal obtained by detection of one or more acoustic emission events.3.1.16 For definitions of other terms in this test method, refer to Definitions E610 and the EMI Nomenclature and
28、Specifications.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 augerthe hole-boring tool of the digger.3.2.2 authorized persona qualified person approved and assigned by the user to perform a specific type of duty or duties orto be at a specific location or locations at the job site.3.2.3 b
29、oom angle indicatora device that indicates the angle between the boom and a horizontal plane.3.2.4 boom pinthe horizontal shaft about which the boom pivots as it is raised or lowered relative to the turntable.3.2.5 boom tip sheavethe sheave, located at the tip of a boom, that carries the winch line.
30、3.2.6 capacity charta chart that indicates the load capacity or rated capacity of the digger derrick, and by the choice of theuser reflects either the load capacity or the rated capacity.3.2.7 centerline of rotationthe vertical axis about which the digger derrick rotates.3.2.8 critical membersthose
31、components, members, or structures in a digger derrick whose failure would cause catastrophicfailure of the digger derrick system.3.2.9 design stressthe maximum stress at which the component is designed to operate under conditions of rated capacity.3.2.10 diggerthe mechanism that drives the auger.3.
32、2.11 extension cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder or cylinders that extend the boom.3.2.12 instabilitya condition of a mobile unit in which the sum of the moments tending to overturn the unit is equal to orexceeds the sum of the moments tending to resist overturning.3.2.13 intermediate boom (C)7structur
33、al member or members that extend and are located between the upper and lower booms.3.2.14 jiban auxiliary boom that attaches to the upper boom tip to extend the reach of the boom.3.2.15 lift cylindera hydraulic cylinder that lifts the boom.3.2.16 load blocka component consisting of a sheave or sheav
34、es and a hook that is used for multiple parting of the load line.3.2.17 load capacitythe maximum load, specified by the manufacturer, that can be lifted by the mobile unit at regular intervalsof load radius and boom angle, through the specified ranges of boom elevation, extension, and rotation, with
35、 options installed andinclusive of stability requirements.3.2.18 load linethe load hoisting line.3.2.19 lower boom (D)the structural member, attached to the turntable, that supports the extensible boom or booms.7 Letters in parentheses refer to the corresponding letters in Table 1 and Fig. 1.F1797 1
36、533.2.20 manufacturerone who originally constructs the digger derrick.3.2.21 modelmanufacturers designation for digger derrick specified.3.2.22 non-destructive testingthe examination by various means of devices and their components without alteration of originalcomponents, so that they may function
37、as before.3.2.23 operatorthe person actually engaged in the operation of the digger derrick.3.2.24 outrigger cylinderthe hydraulic cylinder that extends the outrigger.3.2.25 outriggers (L)the structural members that are extended or deployed to assist in stabilizing the mobile unit.3.2.26 pedestal (G
38、)the stationary base of the digger derrick that supports the turntable.3.2.27 platform (H)the optional personnel-carrying component of a digger derrick, such as a bucket, basket, stand, orequivalent.3.2.28 platform pinthe horizontal pin about which the optional platform rotates relative to the boom.
39、3.2.29 structural componentsthose elements of a digger derrick that are subjected to stress during operation.3.2.30 turntable (F)the structure above the rotation bearing that supports the booms.3.2.31 ultimate strengthfor materials that do not have a clearly defined yield strength, the stress level
40、at which failure of amaterial will occur.3.2.32 upper boom (B)the structural member that extends the farthest, and that supports the boom tip sheave, or the optionalplatform, or both.3.2.33 upper boom tip (A)the end of the boom farthest from the turntable.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test metho
41、d consists of applying a predetermined load to a digger derrick while it is being monitored by sensors thatare sensitive to acoustic emissions (AE) caused by active defects. These acoustic emissions can be generated by, but are not limitedto, the following: crack nucleation, movement, or propagation
42、 in the metal components; or matrix crazing, delamination or fiberbreakage of the fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) material, or both.4.2 The digger derrick is loaded at a uniform rate until a predetermined load is reached, which is held for a period of time. Theload is removed and the cycle is repeate
43、d. Acoustic emissions are monitored for the components being evaluated during bothcycles, and the data is reviewed.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method permits testing of the major components of a digger derrick generated by the rapid release of energy fromlocalized sources within the digger
44、derrick under controlled loading. The energy releases occur during intentional application ofa predetermined load. These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted by qualified individuals. Acceptance/rejectioncriteria are beyond the scope of this test method. The test may be discontinued at a
45、ny time to investigate a particular area ofconcern, or to prevent a fault from continuing to ultimate failure of the digger derrick resulting from the application of the test load.5.2 This test method provides a means of detecting acoustic emission sources that may be defects, irregularities, or bot
46、h,affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerial personnel device.5.3 Significant sources of acoustic emission found with this test method shall be evaluated by either more refined acousticemission test techniques or by other nondestructive methods (visual, liquid penetrant, radiog
47、raphy, ultrasonic, magnetic particle,etc.). Other nondestructive methods may be required in order to precisely locate defects in the digger derrick, and to estimate theirsize. Additional tests are outside the scope of this test method.5.4 Defective areas found in digger derricks by this test method
48、should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repair procedurerecommendations are outside the scope of this test method. Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope of this testmethod.6. Personnel Qualifications6.1 The test method shall be performed by qualified personnel. Qualification
49、 shall be in accordance with an established writtenprogram prepared by a person familiar with design, manufacture, and operation of digger derricks. The program shall include anestablished format of ASNT SNT-TC-1A for training, qualification, and certification of personnel for conducting AE testing.NOTE 1Personnel performing non-destructive testing shall be at least Level 1 in visual, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, and AE.Subsequent test evaluation shall be made by personnel certified Level 2 (visu
