1、Designation: F 1806 97 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Practice forTire Testing OperationsBasic Concepts and Terminologyfor Reference Tire Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1806; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice presents some basic concepts for tiretesting and a standard set of terms relat
3、ing to the use ofreference tires frequently used for comprehensive tire testingprograms. The tests may be conducted in a laboratory onvarious dynamometer wheels or other apparatus as well as atoutdoor proving ground facilities. The overall objective of thispractice is to develop some elementary prin
4、ciples for suchtesting and standardize the terms used in these operations. Thiswill improve communication among those conducting thesetests as well as those using the results of such testing.1.2 In addition to the basic concepts and terminology, astatistical model for tire testing operations is also
5、 presented inAnnex A1. This serves as a mathematical and conceptualfoundation for the terms and other testing concepts; it willimprove understanding. The annex can also serve for futureconsultation as this practice is expanded to address additionalaspects of the testing process.1.3 This overall topi
6、c requires a comprehensive treatmentwith a sequential or hierarchical development of terms withsubstantial background discussion. This cannot be accommo-dated in Terminology F 538.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespo
7、nsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 1136 Specification for A Radial Standard Reference TestTireF 538 Terminology Relating to t
8、he Characteristics and Per-formance of TiresF 1082 Practice for TiresDetermining Precision for TestMethod Standards3F 1650 Practice for Evaluating Tire Traction PerformanceData Under Varying Test Conditions3. Significance and Use3.1 Tire testing operations usually consist of a sequence oftests that
9、involve special “reference” tires in addition to thecandidate tires being evaluated for their performance charac-teristics. Reference tires serve as an “internal benchmark”which may be used to adjust for variation in test results to giveimproved comparisons among the candidate tires. Numerousapproac
10、hes have been adopted using different terminology forsuch testing. This causes confusion and the purpose of thispractice is to standardize some of the elementary concepts andterminology on this topic.4. Summary of the Practice4.1 Elementary testing concepts, terms, and definitions aredeveloped in hi
11、erarchical or sequential order beginning withbasic testing operations. Each definition may be accompaniedby a specific discussion or expanded text section appropriate togeneral definitions. Many of the terms could be defined asadjectives; however, as recommended by ASTM policy, theword “tire” is inc
12、luded in each definition avoiding the compli-cation of defining adjectives. The definitions apply equally toitems or objects other than tires.5. Basic Testing Concepts and Terms5.1 Background on Testing:5.1.1 Despite the adoption of standardized testing proce-dures, test result variation influences
13、data generated in any typeof testing. As outlined in Annex A1, there are two maincategories: 1 variation inherent in the production process fora group of nominally identical objects or tires and 2 variationdue to the measurement operation. Each of these two sourcesmay be further divided into two typ
14、es of variation; 1systematic or bias variation (the variation causing one labora-tory to be consistently different from another laboratory) and1This practice is under the jurisdiction of Committee F09 on Tires and is thedirect responsibility of Subcommittee F09.94 on Terminology.Current edition appr
15、oved May 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 1806 97 (2001)1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information
16、, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2 random error variation. Both types can exist simultaneouslyfor either of the main categories.5.1.2 Random
17、variation can be reduced to a low level byappropriate replication and sampling procedures, but biasvariation cannot be so reduced. Bias variation can be reducedor eliminated by the appropriate use of reference objects ortires. This is the major rationale for their use in testingoperations (see Annex
18、 A1).5.1.3 Bias variation can also be reduced or eliminated bycomprehensive programs to sort out causes of such perturba-tions and eliminate these causes.5.2 Elementary Testing Terms:5.2.1 test (or testing), na procedure performed on anobject (or set of nominally identical objects) using specifiedeq
19、uipment that produces data unique to the object (or set).5.2.1.1 DiscussionTest data are used to evaluate or modelselected properties or characteristics of the object (or set ofobjects). The scope of testing depends on the decisions to bemade for any program, and sampling and replication plans (seed
20、efinitions below) need to be specified for a complete programdescription.5.2.2 test tire, na tire used in a test.5.2.3 test program, nan ordered series of tests groupedtogether using a predefined plan.5.2.3.1 DiscussionA test program may include multipletest repetitions over an extended time period.
21、5.2.4 test tire set, none or more test tires as required bythe test equipment or procedure, to perform a test, therebyproducing a single test result.5.2.4.1 DiscussionThe four nominally identical tires re-quired for vehicle stopping distance testing constitute a test tireset. In the discussion below
22、 where the test tire is mentioned, itis assumed that test tire set may be substituted for test tire, if atest tire set is required for the testing.5.2.5 candidate tire, na test tire that is part of a testprogram.5.2.5.1 DiscussionThe term “candidate object” may beused in the same sense as candidate
23、tire.5.2.6 candidate tire seta set of candidate tires.5.3 Tire testing may be divided into two major categories:5.3.1 local testing, ntesting conducted at one laboratoryor test site for the purpose of comparing a number of candidatetires for selected characteristic properties.5.3.1.1 DiscussionA tir
24、e manufacturers internal develop-ment programs and proving ground testing conducted by acontract testing organization to compare commercial markettires are two examples of local testing.5.3.2 global testing, ntesting conducted at two or morelaboratories or test sites for the purpose of comparing can
25、didatetire performance at each location for selected characteristicproperties.5.3.2.1 DiscussionProducer-user testing or interlabora-tory comparisons for such properties as rolling resistance,endurance, or high speed dynamometer wheel performance areexamples of global testing.5.4 sample, na selected
26、 number of n test objects thataccurately represent the lot or population of interest.5.4.1 DiscussionAlot is a finite number of objects such asa limited period of tire production at a given facility or aselected number of tires of a particular commercial markettype. A population is the collection (o
27、r potential collection) ofall objects produced by a given process or operation.5.5 sampling, vthe act of selecting samples.5.5.1 DiscussionThe primary purpose of sampling is thereduction of random production process variation. See AnnexA1 for details.5.6 replicate, neither (1) an individual test obj
28、ect from asample of n objects or (2) one of m individual test values for atest object.5.6.1 DiscussionEach test object of a set of replicates isnominally identical to all other objects from that particularsource. Nominally identical implies that in long run testing allobjects would give essentially
29、identical average test values.5.7 replication, vthe act of selecting and testing a numberof replicates.5.7.1 DiscussionThe primary purpose of replication is thereduction of random measurement variation. See Annex A1(A1.3.6) for additional discussion on types of replication.6. Reference Tire Concepts
30、 and Terms6.1 In this section a basic term, reference tire, is defined. Anumber of terms, each describing a special type of referencetire, are derived from the basic term. Reference tires usuallyhave special characteristics unique to a particular test program.However, for some testing programs the s
31、ame reference tiremay be used for more than one purpose.6.1.1 reference tire, na special tire included in a testprogram; the test results for this tire have significance as a basevalue or internal benchmark.6.1.2 There are two types of reference tires or objects thatmay be used in any test program.6
32、.1.2.1 Type 1 (reference tire), ntires subject to produc-tion, composition, and often, performance specifications; theyare designed to have minimal variation and to be stable in theircharacteristic properties for an extended period of time.6.1.2.2 Type 2 (reference tire), ntires appropriately se-lec
33、ted from a lot by a process that ensures minimal variationcharacteristic properties for the duration of any test program.6.1.3 DiscussionType 2 reference tires may be selected onan ad hoc basis and when the test program is complete they areno longer considered as reference objects.6.1.4 control tire
34、, na reference tire used in a specifiedmanner throughout a test program.6.1.4.1 DiscussionAcontrol tire may be of either type andtypical tire use is the reference (control) tire in Practice F 1650that provides algorithms for correcting (adjusting) test data forbias trend variations (See Practice F 1
35、650 and Annex A1).6.1.5 surface monitoring tire, na reference tire used toevaluate changes in a test surface over a selected time period.6.1.6 standard reference test tire (SRTT), na tire thatmeets the requirements of Specification E 1136, commonlyused as control tire or a surface monitoring tire.6.
36、1.6.1 DiscussionThis is a Type 1 reference tire.6.1.7 witness tire, na reference tire with an extendedperiod of stability for specified characteristic properties.F 1806 97 (2008)26.1.7.1 DiscussionA Type 1 reference tire is typical forthis application.6.1.8 master set, na selected group of witness t
37、ires, eachdifferent test response characteristics to provide a range ofvalues for the measured property or properties.6.1.8.1 DiscussionA master set is frequently tested todetermine if a test device is functioning in a normal or intendedmanner. If certain known or expected relationships are notfound
38、 among the witness tires constituting the set, remedialaction is required for the testing equipment. Master sets arefrequently used for global testing.6.1.9 test matrix, na group of candidate tires usuallyspecified reference tires; all tests are normally conducted in onetest program.6.1.9.1 Discussi
39、onA test matrix may be used in either alocal or global test program. See also candidate tire set.6.1.10 calibration tire, na witness tire designed to providea fixed or known test value for selected properties.6.1.10.1 DiscussionCalibration tire test results can beused as standard values to determine
40、 acceptability of laboratoryor test site performance. If a specified performance level is notfound, certain instrument adjustments may be made to com-pensate for unavoidable biases in interlaboratory or between-site programs.7. Evaluating Testing Precision7.1 As indicated in Annex A1, there are two
41、categories ofvariation: production process and measurement. Each of thesemay in turn have two subclassifications: basis deviations andrandom deviations. The potential effect of all these sources canexert a profound influence on the variability of test data. Thepresence of these sources is the ration
42、ale for using referencetires and for designing comprehensive testing programs withappropriate replication to reduce the effect of such variations.7.2 Evaluating PrecisionSpecial programs to evaluate themagnitude of variability for any routine or special test opera-tions are part of the effort to red
43、uce variability and improve testprecision. Precision is defined in Practice F 1082 as “a mea-surement (testing) concept that expresses the ability to generatetest results that agree with each other in absolute magnitude.”The parenthetical word “testing” is added to this definition forthis purposes o
44、f this practice to indicate that is is the overalltesting process, which includes sampling and replication, thatshould be considered when discussing precision.7.2.1 For local testing, this action usually consists of appro-priate sampling and replication plans and the evaluation of“test-to-test” vari
45、ation for candidate tires. With a “test-to-test”standard deviation (or variance) obtained under the appropriateconditions, decisions on statistical (and technical) differencesbetween candidate tires can be made for a program at anyspecific location. For global testing, programs can be organizedto ev
46、aluate another “test-to-test” standard deviation, where thisnow applies to between-lab as well as to between-test com-parisons.7.3 Repeatability and Reproducibility:7.3.1 The terms repeatability and reproducibility are fre-quently used when discussing testing and the results of testingprograms. Some
47、 interpretations of these terms are differentthan the standard definitions given in Practice F 1082.7.3.1.1 repeatability, nan established value, below whichthe absolute difference between two “within-laboratory” or“within test site” test results may be expected to lie, with aspecified probability (
48、Practice F 1082).7.3.2 DiscussionThe two test results are obtained with thesame method on nominally identical test materials under thesame conditions (same operator, apparatus, laboratory, loca-tion, and specified time period), and in the absence of otherindications, the specified probability is 0.9
49、5 (that is, 95 %). Theestablished value also may be called a “critical difference.”7.3.2.1 reproducibility, nan established value, belowwhich the absolute difference between two “between-laboratory” or “between test site” test results may be expectedto lie, with a specified probability (Practice F 1082).7.3.3 DiscussionThe two test results are obtained with thesame method on nominally identical test materials underdifferent conditions (different laboratories, locations, operators,apparatus, and in a specified time period), and
