1、Designation: F 1815 06An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forSaturated Hydraulic Conductivity, Water Retention, Porosity,and Bulk Density of Putting Green and Sports Turf RootZones1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1815; the number immediately following the designa
2、tion indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the mea
3、surements of saturatedhydraulic conductivity, water retention, porosity (includingdistribution of capillary and air-filled porosity at a known soilsuction), and bulk density on sand-based root zone mixes to beused for construction and topdressing of golf course puttinggreens including United States
4、Golf Association (USGA)recommended greens, golf course tees, sand-based sportsfields, or other highly trafficked turfgrass areas. These testmethods are designed for sand-based mixes and are notintended for use with fine or medium textured soils, forexample, sandy loams and loams.1.2 The values state
5、d in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
6、health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to its use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Roc
7、k by MassD 2974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Mat-ter of Peat and Other Organic SoilsD 4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil by the Microwave Oven MethodD 4959 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil By Direct Heating MethodD 555
8、0 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byGas PycnometerE 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesF 1647 Test Methods for Organic Matter Content of PuttingGreen and Sports Turf Root Zone Mixes3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Test Method ASaturated hydraulic conductivity i
9、sdetermined on compacted, saturated mix or sand soil cores.Water flow through the core is maintained at a constanthydraulic head until a steady flow rate is achieved, at whichtime aliquots of the outflow are collected.3.2 Test Method BWater retention is obtained at a soilsuction as defined by the de
10、sign architect or engineer in thespecifications. In lieu of a specification, or if testing for USGAgreens, the water retention shall be determined at a soil suctionof 30 cm. The water shall be extracted from a prepared core bymeans of a tension table or other water extraction apparatus.When equilibr
11、ium is achieved, the weight is recorded. The coreis oven dried at 105C until a constant weight is obtained.Water retention is calculated on an oven dried basis. Bulkdensity is calculated from the mix or sand dry weight andvolume.3.3 Test Method CTotal porosity is calculated from thebulk density and
12、particle density.3.4 Test Method DCapillary porosity is calculated fromthe bulk density and water retention information. Air-filled oraeration porosity is calculated from the difference of total andcapillary porosity.4. Apparatus4.1 Cylinders, made of metal, PVC, or similar rigid mate-rials shall ha
13、ve an inside diameter of 51 or 76+2mm(2or3+ 0.08 in.), and a height of 76+2mm(3+0.08 in.).4.2 Compactor, shall be such as to exert a total potentialenergy of 3.03 J/cm2(14.3 ft-lb/in.2) across the cross-sectionalarea of the core. Fig. 1 shows an example of such a devicewhere a weighted hammer is dro
14、pped 15 times from a height of305+2mm(12+0.08 in.).A51 mm (2 in.) diameter core will1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 onSports Equipment and Facilities and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF08.64 on Natural Playing Surfaces.Current edition approved Nov.
15、 15, 2006. Published December 2006. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as F 1815 97 which waswithdrawn in August 2006 and reinstated in December 2006.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.o
16、rg. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.require 15 drops of a 1.36 kg (3 lb) hammer from a height of305
17、mm (12 in.). A 76 mm core will require 15 drops of a 3.02kg (6.7 lb) hammer from a height of 305 mm (12 in). The dropsshall be completed within 1 min. The compactor shall rest ona rigid foundation such as a cube of concrete with a mass of notless than 40 kg (90 lb). Secure the base of the compactor
18、to thefoundation. The diameter of the compaction foot should besufficient to prevent binding with the inside wall of thecylinder, but no more than 2 mm smaller in diameter than theinside diameter of the cylinder. The clearance between bush-ings and the guide rod should be sufficient to prevent bindi
19、ng,but should be no greater than 2 mm.4.3 Permeameter, capable of maintaining a constant head ofwater for several hours.4.4 Tension or Porous Plate Apparatus, capable of extract-ing water out of the cores at a soil suction of up to 4 kPa (40cm suction). Fig. 2 shows an example of a tension table.4.5
20、 Oven, capable of maintaining a constant temperature of105 6 5C.4.6 BalanceA balance sensitive to 0.1 g.4.7 Thermometer, accurate to 0.5C.4.8 Sieves, No. 5 (4 mm).5. Preparation of Samples5.1 Premixed Samples:5.1.1 The cylinders should be prepared by attaching adouble layer of cheesecloth or other s
21、uitable cloth material,including brass, stainless steel, or fiberglass, onto the bottom ofeach cylinder. The cheesecloth or other material should betrimmed to a consistent size prior to or after placement on thecylinder. Weigh and record the weight of each cylinder.5.1.2 Screen the root zone mixture
22、 through a No. 5 (4 mm)sieve to remove peat clods and other debris. Peat clods shouldbe broken up and returned to the sample.5.1.3 In mixes containing peat or other organic amend-ments, determine percent organic matter using one of themethods in Test Methods F 1647 to quantify organic mattercontent
23、on a weight basis. This value and the method usedshould be reported so that field checks of mixes can be madeto assure that the mix corresponds to that developed in thelaboratory5.1.4 The gravimetric water content of the sample shall bedetermined by a referenced (Test Methods D 2216, D 4643,D 4959)
24、or other appropriate method. The water content of thesample shall be adjusted to 8 + 0.5 % by adding water to thesample by misting if the antecedent water content is below8 %, or by air drying the sample if the antecedent water contentis above 8 %. Water content is expressed on a dry weight basis(wt
25、. water/wt. dry soil) 3 100).5.1.5 Place moistened root zone mix into the cylinder,tapping gently on a firm surface as mix is added.Add sufficientquantities of mix to fill the cylinder. The intent here is to havethe surface of the compacted mix or sand within 10 mm fromthe top, but not above the lip
26、 of a 76 mm height cylinder. If thelevel of the compacted mix is above 76 mm or below 66 mm,remove the mix and repack the cores. To ensure a sufficientheight (66 to 76 mm) of the compacted mix or sand, a cylinderlonger than 76 mm can be used or a second cylinder of thesame diameter and 2 cm or great
27、er in height can be secured toa 76 mm test cylinder prior to filling and compaction of thesample. This cylinder is removed after compaction.5.1.6 Place the cylinder in a pan of water and allow it tosaturate from the bottom up for at least 30 min, until the mixin the core is visibly saturated. The le
28、vel of the water in the panshall be within 2 mm below the top of the cores. Be careful notto splash any water onto the mix or sand surface.5.1.7 Place the cylinders on a tension table or other waterextracting device, set to remove water at the desired soilsuction (see Fig. 2 for proper measurement).
29、 Samples evalu-ated for USGA greens should have water extracted at a soilsuction of -3 kPa (30 cm). Leave sample cores on the tensiontable for at least 16 h. Cover the tension table and cylinderswith a plastic sheet or similar cover to minimize evaporationfrom the surface of the cores and the tensio
30、n table.5.1.8 Place the cylinder onto the base of the compactor, anddrop the weight 15 times from a height of 305+2mm(12+0.08 in.).NOTE 1It has been found that 15 drops of the hammer from a heightof 305 mm (12 in.) (as measured from the bottom of the weight to the topof the anvil) will produce a deg
31、ree of compaction comparable to a severelycompacted putting green, provided the soil contains moisture approximat-ing field capacity.FIG. 1 A Suggested Impact-Type Compactor to Produce a TotalDynamic Energy of 3.03 J/cm2Across the Surface Cross-Sectional Area of the CoreF18150625.1.9 Remove the uppe
32、r cylinder, if one is used. If the levelof the mix is above the top of the lower cylinder, remove themix, repack the cylinder with new mix, resaturate the sample,bring to the desired soil suction and recompact the sample. Donot shave off the top of the mix. If the level of the mix isbelow the edge o
33、f the cylinder, measure the length of thisFIG. 2 Suggested Tension Apparatus Capable of Extracting Water out of the Mix or Sand CoresF1815063depression to the nearest 0.1 cm (1 mm). Subtract this valuefrom the height of the cylinder to determine length of the soilcolumn (L). Record this number (cm).
34、5.1.10 Calculate the volume of the mix or sand column tothe nearest 0.1 cm3as follows:V 5 L 3 A (1)where:L = length of the mix or sand column (to the nearest 0.1cm), andA = cross sectional area of the column (A = pr2)tothenearest 0.01 cm2.5.2 Laboratory Mixed Samples:5.2.1 Root zone mixes are nearly
35、 always mixed on a volumebasis. Use a measuring device such as a graduated cylinder orsmall beaker for measuring sand, soil, peat, or other amend-ment volumes.5.2.2 Peat volumes shall be measured in a loose state. Aloose state of peat can be obtained by passing the peat througha No. 4 or No. 5 sieve
36、. The sample shall be scooped from theloose bulk sample and measured to the desired volume withoutcompacting the peat sample. In cases where an organic mattersource other than peat is used (for example, compost), prepareand measure the organic matter source as with peat. Inorganicamendments shall be
37、 measured in the same manner.NOTE 1For quality control purposes, it is advised that moisture andorganic matter content be determined on the peat in accordance with TestMethods D 2974.5.2.3 Thoroughly mix the sand, peat or other amendments,or a combination thereof, to the desired volume ratios.5.2.4
38、Determine percent organic matter using one of themethods in Test Methods F 1647 to quantify organic mattercontent on a weight basis. This value and the method usedshould be reported so that field checks of mixes can assure thatthe mix corresponds to that developed in the laboratory.5.2.5 Follow 5.1.
39、1-5.1.9 for sample preparation.6. Quality Assurance/Quality Control6.1 A minimum of two, and preferably three replicates ofeach sample shall be included for all measurements.6.2 A well-characterized standard root zone sample shallalso be included in each and every run of all physicalparameters.TEST
40、METHOD ASATURATED HYDRAULICCONDUCTIVITY37. Procedure7.1 Place the compacted sample into a pan of water andsaturate from the bottom up. The water level in the pan shall bewithin 2 mm below the surface of the mix.7.2 Place the cylinder with mix onto the permeameter andbegin running water through the s
41、ample. Tap water may beused, and if feasible, heated or cooled to 20C. If this is notfeasible, corrections for the temperature affect on the viscosityof water may be used (see Table 1). Set the permeameter to aknown hydraulic head. For set ups where the water flowsdownward from the top, the hydrauli
42、c head (h) is measuredfrom the bottom of the mix or sand column to the water levelabove the mix or sand (see Fig. 3). Record this value (to thenearest 0.1 cm).7.3 Measure and record the water temperature to the nearest1.7.4 After a time when a constant flow rate is confirmed (+10 % over three consec
43、utive measurements), place a collectionbottle, flask, or beaker at the outflow point of the cylinders andbegin collecting the outflow. Collect the outflow for a specificperiod of time, the time based on the rate of flow. Collection ofone or more samples over a 30 min period is suggested.7.5 Measure
44、the effluent and record in cm3(ml) collectedover time period, t.8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the saturated hydraulic conductivity to thenearest 0.1 cm/h as follows:Ksat5 QL/hAt (2)3Procedures for saturated hydraulic conductivity, water retention, porosity, andbulk density were adapted from procedures
45、 published in Methods of Soil Analysis,Part 1:Physical and Minerological Methods; American Society of AgronomyMonograph No. 9, Part 1, Second Edition.NOTE 1The hydraulic head (h) is measured from the bottom of thesoil column to the water level above the soil.FIG. 3 Suggested Permeameter Setup to Det
46、ermine SaturatedHydraulic ConductivityTABLE 1 Correction Factor (Rt) for the Viscosity of Water atVarious TemperaturesTemperature,CRt15 1.13516 1.10617 1.07718 1.05119 1.02520 1.0021 0.97622 0.95323 0.93124 0.91025 0.90026 0.86927 0.85028 0.83229 0.81430 0.797F1815064where:Ksat= saturated hydraulic
47、conductivity (cm/h),Q = quantity of effluent collected (cm3) in period of time(t),L = length of soil column (cm),h = hydraulic head (cm),A = cross sectional area of the soil core (cm2),t = time required to collect Q (hour).8.2 Correct the saturated hydraulic conductivity for theviscosity of water to
48、 that for 20C (68F) by multiplying Ksatby the ratio of the viscosity of water at the test temperature tothe viscosity of water at 20C (see Table 1).8.3 Divide Ksatby 2.54 to convert cm/h to in./h, if desired.TEST METHOD BBULK DENSITY AND WATERRETENTION9. Procedure9.1 Remove the sample from the perme
49、ameter, saturatefrom the bottom, and place on the soil water extractor ortension table set at the desired soil suction. After at least 16 h,weigh, correct for water held in cheesecloth, and record thecorrected weight as MW(0.1 g).NOTE 2Water held in the cheesecloth can be determined by weighingappropriate sizes of cheesecloth (see 5.1.1). Reweigh the cheesecloth afterwetting and allowing it to come to equilibrium at the appropriate matricpotential. The correction equals the moist weight minus the dry weight.The correction value must be recalculated if a differen
