1、Designation: F 1833 97 (Reapproved 2006)An American National StandardStandard Test Method forComparison of Rearfoot Motion Control Properties ofRunning Shoes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1833; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONDuring a typical running step, the foot first makes contact with the g
3、round on the rear lateral borderof the shoe. At first contact between the foot and the ground, the foot is normally in a supinated orneutral position relative to the lower leg. During the first 50 to 150 ms of the period of ground contact,the foot rotates about the ankle and subtalar joints to a mor
4、e pronated position. Pronation is acombination of eversion and abduction of the subtalar joint and dorsiflexion of the ankle joint.Excessive pronation and possibly an excessive rate of pronation are believed to be risk factors incommon overuse injuries among runners. Other risk factors include a run
5、ners anatomical predispo-sition, (for example, joint alignment, bone curvature, joint laxity) previous injury history and trainingerrors (for example, a sudden increase in the duration or intensity of training). Running shoes havebeen shown to influence pronation. Shoe design factors which have prod
6、uced measurable effects onlower extremity motion under laboratory conditions include sole hardness, sole height and width, solegeometry and the presence or absence of orthotics and stabilizing devices.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of certainangular motions of the lower extremit
7、y during running, spe-cifically, the frontal plane projection of the pronation andsupination of the lower leg relative to the foot (“rearfootmotion”) and methods by which the effects of different runningshoes on rearfoot motion may be compared.1.2 As used in this test method, footwear may refer toru
8、nning shoes, corrective shoe inserts (orthoses) or specificcombinations of both. The effects of orthoses may vary fromshoe to shoe. Therefore, comparisons involving orthoses shallbe qualified by the specific style of shoes in which they aretested.1.3 This test method is limited to the measurement of
9、 thetwo dimensional, frontal plane projection of the relativeangular motion between the lower leg and the foot (“rearfootmotion”). It is not a direct measure of pronation or supination,which are three dimensional motions.1.4 This test method is limited to running motions in whichthe heel makes first
10、 contact with the ground during each step.1.5 This test method is applicable to measurements ofrearfoot motion made while subjects run on a treadmill orwhile they run overground under controlled conditions.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units give
11、n in parentheses are forinformation only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
12、 limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 539 Practice for the Fitting of Athletic Footwear3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 ankle jointthe joint between lower leg and footformed by the articulations of the tibia and fibula with the t
13、alus.3.1.2 footstrikeinitial contact between the foot and theground at the beginning of the stance phase.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.54 onAthletic Footwear.Current edition app
14、roved March 1, 2006. Published March 2006. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as F 1883 97.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, re
15、fer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 maximum rearfoot anglemaximum value of therearfoot angle recorded during the stance phase.3.1.4 peak angular velocity
16、maximum rate of change ofthe rearfoot angle between footstrike and the occurrence ofmaximum rearfoot angle.3.1.5 pronationthree dimensional motion of the foot rela-tive to the lower leg, combining eversion an abduction of thesubtalar joint an dorsiflexion of the ankle joint.3.1.6 rearfoot anglethe a
17、ngle between the lower leg andthe heel, viewed from the posterior aspect and projected in thefrontal plane.3.1.7 rearfoot motionrelative motion of the heel andlower leg during the stance phase.3.1.8 stance phasethe period of a running step duringwhich the foot is in contact with the ground.3.1.9 sub
18、talar jointalternative name for the talocalcanealjoint.3.1.10 supinationthree dimensional motion of the footrelative to the lower leg, combining inversion and adduction ofthe subtalar joint and plantar flexion of the ankle joint.3.1.11 talocalcaneal jointthe joint formed by articulationsbetween the
19、talus and the calcaneus.3.1.12 time to maximum rearfoot angleelapsed time be-tween footstrike and the occurrence of maximum rearfootangle.3.1.13 total rearfoot motiondifference between the maxi-mum rearfoot angle and touchdown angle.3.1.14 touchdown anglevalue of the rearfoot angle at theinstant of
20、contact between the foot and the ground during arunning step.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The rearfoot angle is defined by reference to markersplaced on the lower leg and heel of the human subjects. Whilesubjects run on a treadmill or overground the motion of thelower leg is recorded using a high-sp
21、eed camera systempositioned behind the subject and aligned with the subjectsdirection of motion. The time history of the rearfoot angleduring the stance phase of running is determined by frame-by-frame analysis of the recorded motion. This process is repeatedfor each subject running in each of two o
22、r more footwearspecimens. For each combination of subject and specimen,average values of maximum rearfoot angle, time to maximumrearfoot angle, total rearfoot motion and peak angular velocityare calculated. Analysis of variance is used to determinewhether there are significant differences in rearfoo
23、t motionparameter between the specimens.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method allows the rearfoot control propertiesof running shoes or corrective orthoses within shoes to becompared provided they are tested concurrently and underidentical conditions.5.2 Tests of this type are commonly used in
24、 the develop-ment and performance testing of running shoes and otherin-shoe devices. Careful adherence to the requirements andrecommendations of this test shall provide results which can becompared between different laboratories.NOTE 1The variance in rearfoot motion due to differences betweenshoes i
25、s generally smaller than the variance between subjects. Directcomparisons between shoes tested in different experiments is therefore notpossible.6. Apparatus6.1 Running Surface:6.1.1 TreadmillA powered treadmill shall be used.6.1.2 RunwayThe runway used for overground runningtrials shall be a level
26、surface with a minimum length of 15 m(50 ft).6.2 Means of Determining Running Speed:6.2.1 A Calibrated Treadmill Speed IndicatorFor tread-mill running, a calibrated means of determining the speed ofthe treadmill belt.6.2.2 Timing ApparatusFor overground running, a timingapparatus shall be used to de
27、termine the elapsed time over adistance of 5 m (16 ft) with an accuracy of 65 %. The averagerunning speed, v, of the subject shall be determined by v = s/twhere s is the distance traversed and t is the elapsed time.NOTE 2An acceptable timing apparatus can be constructed using lightbeams, photocell d
28、etectors and an electronic timer. Two light beam/photocell detector units are positioned at head level and place 5 m (16 ft)apart and on either side of test track on which rearfoot motion data will berecorded. The photocell circuit is connected to the electronic timer so thatbreaking of the first be
29、am starts the timer. Breaking of the second beamstops the timer, which thus records the elapsed time.6.3 High Speed Camera SystemA cinephotographic orvideo camera or other optical system capable of tracking themotions of the lower leg at a minimum frame rate or samplerate of 200/s. If no derivatives
30、 are to be calculated, a minimumframe rate or sample rate of 100/s is permissibleNOTE 3The minimum sample rate is based on the spectral composi-tion of rearfoot motion at running speed of 3.8 ms-1(8.5 mph). Testsconducted at higher running speeds may require higher minimum samplerates.6.4 Image Anal
31、ysis EquipmentApparatus for determiningthe coordinates of markers on images from the high speedcamera system, such as a digitizer, video processor or opticaltracking system. The camera and image analysis equipmentshall have a combined resolution such that the angle formed byleg and shoe specimen mar
32、kers in a two dimensional planenormal to the axis of the camera can be determined with anerror of less than 60.5.NOTE 4Greatest accuracy is achieved if the centroid of a marker isdigitized. The use of large markers may decrease digitizing accuracy.7. Specimens7.1 AcceptabilityThe specimens may be an
33、y kind offootwear appropriate for use in or as a running shoe. Thespecimens shall be in the form of matched pairs (left and right).7.1.1 ShoesThe specimens shall form matched pairs (leftand right). All specimens shall be of the same size.7.1.2 Orthoses and In-Shoe DevicesThe specimens shallbe in the
34、 form of matched pairs (left and right). All in-shoedevice comparisons shall be made using devices in the samepair of shoes worn by the same subjects.7.2 Number of SpecimensTwo or more specimens shall becompared in any trial. The maximum number of specimens thatF 1833 97 (2006)2can be compared is li
35、mited by the number of subjects requiredto achieve acceptable statistical power.7.3 Number of Subjects:7.3.1 The number of subjects shall be a minimum of fourtimes the number of specimens.7.3.2 If specimens are to be presented to subjects in abalanced order, the number of subjects shall be a multipl
36、e ofthe number of shoes to be compared.8. Conditioning of Specimens8.1 Condition specimens by being used for a minimum of 8km (5 miles) of running prior to testing.NOTE 5The cushioning and stability of running shoes change rapidlyduring the first few miles of use. These characteristics stabilize aft
37、erapproximately 5 miles (8 km) of running (3500 footfalls) and then changeless over the next 250 miles (400 km) of wear.9. Procedure9.1 Experimental Design:9.1.1 Conduct the test as an experiment with a repeatedmeasures, within-subject design.9.1.2 It is recommended that the order in which specimens
38、are presented to each subject should be balanced, not random-ized. A balanced order of presentation requires that the numberof subjects must be a multiple of n!(n factorial) where n is thenumber of shoes to be tested. If it is not practicable to use abalanced order of presentation, use randomized or
39、der ofpresentation.NOTE 6The statistical power of the test may be improved if abalanced order is used.9.2 Subjects:9.2.1 Humans Subjects/Ethics Committee ApprovalObtain the approval of all administrative bodies having juris-diction over the use of human subjects in the laboratory orinstitution where
40、 the test is to be performed before any part ofthe test is begun.9.2.2 Informed ConsentObtain the informed consent ofall human subjects shall in compliance with the AmericanCollege of Sports Medicines “Policy Statement RegardingThe Use Of Human Subjects and Informed Consent” (1)current at the time o
41、f the test.9.2.3 Shoe SizeThe running shoe size of choice for all testsubjects shall be the same. Measure size for all subjects with aBrannock device and reported to the nearest half size (PracticeF 539.)NOTE 7Lower Extremity Evaluation In order to establish relation-ships between subtalar joint kin
42、etics and the effects of different runningshoes, it is recommended that the lower extremity of each subject beexamined by a competent examiner in order to provide information on thesample population being studied. The evaluation should include a medicalhistory of lower extremity injury, foot type, f
43、orefoot frontal planealignment, rearfoot frontal plane alignment, tibial horizontal plane align-ment, and range of motion of the subtalar joint. Determine the type offootstrike of the subject (rearfoot, midfoot, or forefoot striker) with a forcemeasuring platform, a pressure distribution measuring p
44、latform or anin-shoe plantar pressure measuring device. (See Cavanagh and Lafortune(2). The training habits of each subject, including training frequency,weekly training distance and training pace should also be noted.9.2.4 Treadmill ExperienceIf the test is to be completedwhile subjects run on a tr
45、eadmill, the subjects should beexperienced treadmill runners. If the subjects are not experi-enced treadmill runners, a minimum of one 20 min period oftreadmill acclimatization training should be held prior to datacollection.NOTE 8During treadmill acclimatization training, start subject(s) at aslowe
46、r pace and the speed gradually increased until the speed is slightlybelow or a the test speed. The duration and number of practice sessionsdepends on the comfort of the subject with treadmill running. Someindication of the degree of comfort with treadmill running are seen in hipflexion and stride le
47、ngth.NOTE 9Subjects should wear their own shoes (that is, not testspecimens) during treadmill acclimatization training.9.3 Marker Placement:9.3.1 Leg MarkersPlace markers on the rear of eachsubjects lower leg, at least 20 cm apart. Center lower markeron the Achilles tendon. Place the top marker belo
48、w thegastronemius, and orient so that the transverse vertical planeprojection of a line connecting the two markers is parallel tothe transverse vertical plane projection of the axis of a lowerleg (see Fig. 1).NOTE 10Clarke et al (3) describe the use of an apparatus for placingthe markers in a repeat
49、able manner. Specifically, a jig is used to find thegeometric center of the knee joint. Markers are then centered on a linejoining the knee joint center and the center of theAchilles tendon. The useof this test method is recommended.9.3.2 Specimen MarkersPlace markers on the midline ofthe rear of each specimen, a minimum of 5 cm apart, such thatthe line joining the centroids of the two markers are perpen-dicular to the plane of the sole of the shoe (see Fig. 1).9.4 Standing CalibrationIn order to correct for differ-ences in marker posit
