1、Designation: F1870 16Standard Guide forSelection of Fire Test Methods for the Assessment ofUpholstered Furnishings in Detention and CorrectionalFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1870; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoptio
2、n or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a fire-test-response guide.1.2 This guide is intended to provide gu
3、idance for theselection of test methods that are applicable to determiningfire-test-response characteristics of upholstered furniture itemscontained within a detention cell.1.3 This guide is intended for use by those interested inassessing the fire properties of the upholstery products andtheir comp
4、onent materials or composites, within cells and otherareas (such as isolation lounges) of detention and correctionaloccupancies.1.4 This guide includes standard test methods promulgatedby ASTM, NFPA, Underwriters Laboratories, trade associa-tions and government agencies and other proposed test meth-
5、ods. It does not include industrial materials specification tests.The guide indicates some means by which modifications ofstandard test methods lead to potential achievement of certaintesting goals.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to regarded as standard;see IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for further details.
6、 The units given inparentheses are for information only. Some individual stan-dards referenced use inch-pound units for referee decisions.1.6 This guide contains four types of test methods, namely:(1) generic small-scale methods, (2) specific applications ofsmall-scale test methods to particular pro
7、ducts or compositesof products, associated with upholstery items, (3) real-scale testmethods where actual upholstery products are exposed to heator flame, and (4) guides explaining the concepts involved withroom-scale testing.1.7 The main fire-test-response characteristics investigatedin this guide
8、are: ignitability, ease of extinction, flame spread,heat release, smoke obscuration and toxic potency of smoke.1.8 This guide measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required
9、for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
10、safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to
11、 TextilesD1929 Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperatureof PlasticsD2863 Test Method for Measuring the Minimum OxygenConcentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion ofPlastics (Oxygen Index)D3675 Test Method for Surface Flammability of FlexibleCellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy So
12、urceE162 Test Method for Surface Flammability of MaterialsUsing a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of SmokeGenerated by Solid MaterialsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates
13、 for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethodE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread Properties1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F33 on Detention andCorrectional Facilitiesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F33.05 onFurnishings an
14、d Equipment.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approvedin 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F1870 11. DOI: 10.1520/F1870-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
15、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered
16、 Furniture AssembliesE1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered FurnitureE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Uphols
17、tered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-tureE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-AssessmentStandardsE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1678 Test Method for Measur
18、ing Smoke Toxicity for Usein Fire Hazard AnalysisE2187 Test Method for Measuring the Ignition Strength ofCigarettesE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and AssembliesE3020 Practice for Ignition SourcesF1534 Test Method for Determining Changes in Fire-Test-Response Charac
19、teristics of Cushioning Materials AfterWater LeachingF1550 Test Method for Determination of Fire-Test-ResponseCharacteristics of Components or Composites of Mat-tresses or Furniture for Use in Correctional Facilities afterExposure to Vandalism, by Employing a Bench ScaleOxygen Consumption Calorimete
20、rIEEE/ASTM SI 10 International System of Units (SI): TheModern Metric System2.2 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)Standards:3ISO 3261 Fire TestsVocabularyISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and Textile Prod-uctsVocabularyISO 5659-2 Determination of Specific Optical Density by aS
21、ingle-Chamber TestISO 9705 Full Scale Room Fire Test for Surface ProductsISO 13943 Fire Safety: Vocabulary2.3 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Stan-dards:4NFPA 101 Life Safety CodeNFPA 258 Recommended Practice for Determining SmokeGeneration of Solid Materials (withdrawn)NFPA 260 Methods
22、of Test and Classification System forCigarette Ignition Resistance of Components of Uphol-stered FurnitureNFPA 261 Method of Test for Determining Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture Material Assemblies toIgnition by Smoldering CigarettesNFPA 265 Methods of Fire Tests for Evaluating Room FireG
23、rowth Contribution of Textile Wall CoveringsNFPA 269 Test Method for Developing Toxic Potency Datafor Use in Fire Hazard ModelingNFPA 271 Method of Test for Heat and Visible SmokeRelease Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxy-gen Consumption Calorimeter (withdrawn)NFPA 286 Standard Methods of
24、 Fire Tests for EvaluatingContribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to RoomFire GrowthNFPA 701 Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation ofTextiles and FilmsNFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code2.4 California Standards:5California Technical Bulletin 116 (CA TB 116) (January1980),
25、“Requirements, Test Procedure and Apparatus forTesting the Flame Retardance of Upholstered Furniture”California Technical Bulletin 1171980 (CATB 117) (Janu-ary 1980), “Requirements, Test Procedure and Apparatusfor Testing the Flame Retardance of Resilient FillingMaterials Used in Upholstered Furnitu
26、re”California Technical Bulletin 1172013 (CA TB 117-2013),Requirements, Test Procedure and Apparatus for Testingthe Smoler Resistance of Materials Used in UpholsteredFurnitureCaliforniaTechnical Bulletin 121 (CATB 121) (April 1980),Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses for Use inPublic Occupanc
27、iesCalifornia Technical Bulletin 129 (CA TB 129) (October1992), Flammability Test Procedure for Mattresses forUse in Public BuildingsCalifornia Technical Bulletin 133 (CA TB 133) (January1991), Flammability Test Procedure for Seating Furniturefor Use in Public Occupancies2.5 Consumer Product Safety
28、Commission (CPSC) Stan-dards:6CFR Part 1610 Standard for the Flammability of ClothingTextiles (General Wearing Apparel)CFR Part 1632 Standard for the Flammability of Mattressesand Mattress Pads (formerly DOC FF4-72, 40 FR 59940)2.6 Federal Standards:7Americans with Disabilities ActFED STD 191A Texti
29、le Test Method 5830 (July 20, 1978)2.7 International Code Council Codes:8International Building CodeInternational Fire Code3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with fire issues refer to the terminology contained in3Available from International Organizatio
30、n for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.5Available from California Bureau of Home Furnishings and ThermalInsulation, State of California, Depar
31、tment of Consumer Affairs, 3485 OrangeGrove Avenue, North Highlands, CA, 95660-5595.6Available from US Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC,20207.7Available from General Services Administration, Specifications Activity,Printed Materials Supply Division, Building 197, Naval Weapons Plan
32、t,Washington, DC, 20407.8Available from International Code Council (ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW,6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, http:/www.iccsafe.org.F1870 162Terminology E176, ISO 13943, and ISO 3261. In case ofconflict, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shallprevail. For definitions of
33、terms used in this guide andassociated with textile issues refer to the terminology containedin Terminology D123 and ISO 4880. In case of conflict, thedefinitions given in Terminology D123 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fire hazard, npotential for harm associa
34、ted with fire.3.2.1.1 DiscussionA fire may pose one or more types ofhazard to people, animals, or property. These hazards areassociated with the environment and with a number of fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assem-blies including but not limited to ease of ignition, f
35、lame spread,rate of heat release, smoke generation and obscuration, toxicityof combustion products and ease of extinguishment.3.2.2 fire performance, nresponse of a material, product,or assembly in a specific fire, other than in a fire test involvingcontrolled conditions (different from fire-test-re
36、sponsecharacteristic, q.v.).3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe ASTM policy on fire standardsdistinguishes between the response of materials, products orassemblies to heat and flame, “under controlled conditions,”which is fire-test-response characteristic, and “under actual fireconditions,” which is fire performa
37、nce. Fire performancedepends on the occasion or environment and may not bemeasurable. In view of the limited availability of fire-performance data, the response to one or more fire tests,appropriately recognized as representing end-use conditions, isgenerally used as a predictor of the fire performa
38、nce of amaterial, product, or assembly.3.2.3 fire scenario, ndetailed description of conditions,including environmental, of one or more of the stages frombefore ignition to the completion of combustion in an actualfire at a specific location, or in a full-scale simulation.3.2.4 fire-test-response ch
39、aracteristic, nresponse charac-teristic of a material, product, or assembly, to a prescribedsource of heat or flame, under controlled fire conditions; suchresponse characteristics may include but are not limited to easeof ignition, flame spread, heat release, mass loss, smokegeneration, fire enduran
40、ce, and toxic potency of smoke.3.2.4.1 DiscussionA fire-test-response characteristic canbe influenced by variables of exposure such as ignitionintensity, ventilation, geometry of item or enclosure, humidity,or oxygen concentration. It is not an intrinsic property such asspecific heat, thermal conduc
41、tivity, or heat of combustion,where the value is independent of test variables. A fire-test-response characteristic may be described in one of severalterms. Smoke generation, for example, may be described assmoke opacity, change of opacity with time, or smoke weight.No quantitative correlation need
42、exist between values of aresponse characteristic for two or more materials, products, orassemblies, as measured by two or more approaches, or testedunder two or more sets of conditions for a given method.3.2.5 flashover, nrapid transition to a state of total surfaceinvolvement in a fire of combustib
43、le materials within anenclosure.3.2.5.1 DiscussionFlashover occurs when the surfacetemperatures of combustible contents rise, producing pyrolysisgases, and the room heat flux becomes sufficient to heat allsuch gases to their ignition temperatures. This commonlyoccurs when the upper layer temperature
44、 reaches 600C or aradiant heat flux at the floor of at least 20 kW/m2.3.2.6 heat release rate, ncalorific energy released per unittime by the combustion of a material under specified testconditions.3.2.7 smoke, nairborne solid and liquid particulates andgases evolved when a material undergoes pyroly
45、sis and com-bustion.3.2.8 smoke toxicity, npropensity of smoke to produceadverse biochemical or physiological effects.3.2.9 toxic potency (as applied to inhalation of smoke or itscomponent gases), nquantitative expression relating concen-tration and exposure time to a particular degree of adversephy
46、siological response, for example, death, on exposure ofhumans or animals.3.2.9.1 DiscussionThe toxic potency of the smoke fromany material, product, or assembly is related to the compositionof that smoke which, in turn, is dependent upon the conditionsunder which the smoke is generated.3.2.10 uphols
47、tered furniture, nunit of interior furnishingthat (1) contains any surface that is covered, in whole or in part,with a fabric or other upholstery cover material, (2) containsupholstery padding or filling materials, and (3) is intended forsitting or reclining upon.3.2.11 upholstery cover fabric, nout
48、ermost layer of fabricor other material used to enclose the main support system orupholstery padding, or both, used in the furniture item.3.2.12 upholstery padding, npadding, stuffing, or fillingmaterials used in a furniture item, which may be either loose orattached, enclosed by an upholstery fabri
49、c, or located betweenthe upholstery fabric and support system, if present.3.2.12.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,materials such as foams, cotton batting, polyester fiberfill,bonded cellulose or down.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The test methods identified in this guide can be subdi-vided in four groups, namely: (1) generic small-scale methods;(2) specific applications of small-scale test methods applied toparticular products or composites of products, associated withupholstery items; (3) real-scale test methods where actualupholstery products (or
