1、Designation: F1872 12F1872 17Standard Guide forUse of Chemical Shoreline Cleaning Agents: Environmentaland Operational Considerations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1872; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of chemical cleaning agents on oiled shorelines. This guide is not app
3、licable to other chemicalagents nor to the use of such products in open waters.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide information that will enable spill responders to decide whether to use chemicalshoreline cleaning agents as part of the oil spill cleanup response.1.3 This is a general guide on
4、ly. It is assumed that conditions at the spill site have been assessed and that these conditions aresuitable for the use of cleaning agents. It is assumed that permission has been obtained to use the chemical agents. Variations inthe behavior of different types of oil are not dealt with in this guid
5、e and may change some of the parameters noted herein.1.4 This guide covers two different types of shoreline cleaners: those that disperse oil into the water and those that disperse littleoil into the water under low energy levels. The selection criteria for these two types can differ widely. This gu
6、ide does not coverdispersants.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user o
7、f this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principle
8、s for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1686 Guide for Surveys to Document and Assess Oiling ConditionsF2532 Guide for Determining Net En
9、vironmental Benefit of Dispersant Use3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide is primarily intended to assist decision-makers and spill-responders in contingency planning, spill response, andtraining.3.2 This guide is not specific to site or type of oil.4. Background4.1 Chemical shoreline cleaning agen
10、ts are formulations designed to be applied to oil and to remove oil from the shoreline abovethe low water line.4.2 Chemical shoreline cleaning agents are generally used differently from chemical dispersants, which are used to treat oilspills in offshore waters.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction
11、of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.13on Treatment.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2012April 1, 2017. Published January 2012April 2017. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20052012 asF187
12、2-05.-12. DOI: 10.1520/F1872-12.10.1520/F1872-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This documen
13、t is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as app
14、ropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.3 Chemical shoreline cleaning agents are sometimes known a
15、s surface washing agents, shoreline cleaners, or beach cleaners.4.4 The basic application method for shoreline cleaning agents is to spray the product onto the oil and leave the agent topenetrate the oil and then either flush away the oil or let a rising tide wash it away. The oil mayContainment are
16、as should beprovided before flushing. The oil should be washed directly into containment areas for recovery (1).34.5 The fundamental advantage of using a shoreline cleaning agent is that oil can be removed rapidly without using excessivetemperatures or pressures, which can be harmful to biota on and
17、 in shorelines (1-3).4.6 Laboratory effectiveness tests have been developed and many products have been tested (1, 4, 5). Field effectiveness testshave been developed (1).4.7 Laboratory testing shows that effectiveness may differ in saltwater and freshwater (1).4.8 There are differences in action me
18、chanisms between dispersants and shoreline cleaning agents. Composition of the twoproducts differ (1, 6).4.9 Before specialized products were developed, dispersants were used as shoreline cleaning agents with varying results (7).4.10 The aquatic toxicity of the treating agents varies widely and is a
19、 factor in choosing products (1, 8, 9).4.11 The amount of oil dispersed into water primarily depends on energy used to remove the oil from the substrate, especiallyfor dispersing shoreline treating agents. The energy level is difficult to measure, but may be estimated from indicators such as thepres
20、sure of the rinse water (1).4.12 The ease of oil removal from a beach depends very much on the type of oil, its degree of weathering and the type of beach.For example, a highly-weathered oil is difficult to remove by any means (1, 2).5. General Considerations for Using Chemical Shoreline Cleaning Ag
21、ents5.1 Two basic types of shoreline cleaners are available: those that disperse little oil into the water column, column at low energylevels (most common) and those that disperse little oil into the water column at low energy levels.(these agents are not common).5.2 Considerations for the use of sh
22、oreline cleaning agents that disperse are the same as those for using dispersants in thespecific habitat. (See Guide F2532.)5.3 Shoreline cleaning agents that do not dispersedisperse little oil have very little impact on the water column.5.4 Regulatory authorities may have additional criteria and re
23、gulations regarding the acceptability and use of shoreline cleaningagents.5.5 Shoreline treating agents should be used in accordance with manufacturers recommendations.5.6 The decision of whether to use or not to use shoreline cleaning agents always involves tradeoffs. Using a non-dispersingshorelin
24、e cleaning agent moves oil out onto the water where it must be recovered. Using a dispersing cleaning agent moves oilinto the water column. Therefore, adverse effects on water organisms may be increased in the water column (in the case of adispersing agent) by removing it from the shoreline. (See Gu
25、ide F2532.)5.7 Shoreline cleaning agents are used primarily as a cleanup method and not as a spill control method. Since some shorelinesare more vulnerable to the longer lasting impacts of spilled oil, an acceptable tradeoff may be to protect these sensitiveenvironments by removing the oil and eithe
26、r recovering it or putting it into a less sensitive environment. When dispersing-typeagents are used, the tradeoff that must be evaluated is the long-term impact of the residence time of spilled oil that is stranded onshorelines as opposed to the short-term impact of the presence of dispersed oil in
27、 the water column. For non-dispersing agents,the trade-off that must be evaluated is the difficulty of recovering the released oil versus the impact of the long residence time ofspilled oil that is stranded on shorelines and the possibility of re-oiling adjacent shoreline.5.8 It has been found that
28、some shoreline cleaning agents are equally effective in fresh and salt water, while others are not. Thesalinity of the water involved may therefore be a factor, and the effectiveness of the particular product in that salinity salineenvironment.(1).5.9 The safety data sheet (SDS) for the product shou
29、ld be consulted for advice on application and applicability.6. Environments Covered and Considerations for Shoreline Cleaning Agent Use6.1 Shorelines GenerallyShorelines vary extensively in their composition and their retention of oil (Guide F1686). Severalclassification schemes are available for oi
30、led shorelines as well as guides to other cleanup methods (910, 1011). Each specificenvironment should be considered separately. An important consideration is the net environmental benefit of using the chemicalbeach cleaner versus leaving the oil on the shoreline or using other cleanup methods.3 The
31、 boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.F1872 1726.2 SeagrassesSeagrass-dominated shorelines can be found in shallow marine environments from the tropics to Arcticregions. Seagrass beds form a discreet ecosystem that traps material derived from te
32、rrestrial sources and then exports largequantities of organic matter to the open sea. The presence of an extensive network of roots and rhizomes facilitates not only thesediment-binding of the grass beds but also the transport of materials back out to sea. Oil can adhere to the seagrasses and caused
33、amage. Seagrasses can be treated with shoreline cleaning agents to remove oil. The agents toxicity to the seagrass should beassessed before usage. Testing of some types of treating agents have shown relatively good success. Care must be taken to avoidphysically disturbing the sea grasses during the
34、cleanup operations, which can do more damage than the oil (12-15).6.3 MangrovesMangrove ecosystems are intertidal forests dominated by various species of woody halophytes, commonlycalled mangroves. There are 12 families and more than 54 species of mangroves. Mangrove ecosystems occur in tropicallow-
35、energy depositional areas. Mangroves tend to promote the deposition of organic and mineral matter and their extensive rootsystems are important in stabilizing intertidal sediments. They are important ecologically as they provide the structural basis formany species of animals and plants. Mangroves a
36、re particularly prone to damage from oiling as they have respiratory openingson roots that can be clogged (1011). Oil can be removed from the extensive root system using shoreline treating agents, which maysave the mangroves or significantly reduce damage to them. Access to perform the operations ma
37、y be difficult. Experimental datashows that up to 50 % of the mangroves can be saved if treated within 7 days of initial contamination. (13).6.4 Tidal FlatsTidal flats are usually broad intertidal areas of unconsolidated sediments that have little slope and are usuallyprotected from direct wave acti
38、on. They are composed of sediments of varying characteristic grain size depending on the amountof wave and current energy present. Tidal flats may be covered by seagrasses, marsh grass, or mangroves, the environments whichare discussed elsewhere in this guide. Tidal flats are important to the coasta
39、l ecosystem because of the high biological productivity.Oil retention on tidal flats is largely transitory and oil will often be carried to the supra-tidal regions. Tidal flats do not often requirecleaning, because the oil does not usually retain to the substrate. If oil is retained, it can be treat
40、ed with shoreline cleaning agents,although access is often difficult and can be damaging to the tidal flats.6.5 Sandy ShorelinesSandy shorelines are composed of sediments ranging from 0.06 to 2.0 mm in size. The composition ofthe sand itself may vary, but it is usually either siliceous or carbonate.
41、 The character of the sediment may be a significant factorin oil retention as oil adheres differently to different types of materials. Wave action can change the profile of a sandy beach andcan bury or cover oil. Sandy shorelines are readily amenable to treatment using shoreline cleaning agents. Low
42、 energy washingis required to avoid disturbing the sand.6.6 Gravel ShorelinesGravel shorelines are composed of sediments ranging in size from 2.0 to 63 mm. The materials areusually a mixture of minerals with a variety of oil retention properties. Gravel shorelines are dynamic and sometimes change in
43、profile. They can retain large amounts of oil which may be buried under clean beach material as a result of wave action. Thedynamic nature of the gravel beach depends on its exposure. Sheltered gravel shorelines are relatively stable, whereas the gravelon exposed shorelines may be continuously re-di
44、stributed. Gravel shorelines can be treated with shoreline treating agents of thenon-dispersing type. The dispersing type of agents will cause oil and agent to penetrate to the subsurface. Low energy washingis required to avoid disturbing the shoreline material and damaging biota on the beach.6.7 Co
45、bble ShorelinesCobble shorelines are composed of materials ranging from 64 to 256 mm. Cobble shorelines arerelatively stable, unless the beach is exposed to high seas. Cobble shorelines will retain the most oil of all types of shorelinesbecause of the large interstitial spaces. Shoreline cleaning ag
46、ents of the non-dispersing type can be used on cobble beaches.Dispersing cleaning agents will cause the oil and surface agent to penetrate to the subsurface.6.8 Boulder/Rocky ShorelinesBoulder or rocky shorelines are composed of materials larger than 256 mm (boulders) orbedrock. Despite the large in
47、terstitial spaces, they do not retain as much oil as cobble shorelines, generally because the interstitialspaces are large enough to permit run-off. Retention is much greater, however, than that for several other types of shorelines. Theslope of the shore can range from vertical rock wall to a gentl
48、y sloping or nearly flat platform. The nature of the entire intertidalenvironment is controlled primarily by the wave energy. Similarly, the biological abundance usually corresponds to the energyregime. High-energy shorelines typically have less biota than low-energy shorelines. The retention of oil
49、s varies with the energy.High-energy shorelines are generally self-cleaning. The necessity of removing oil varies with exposure. High-energy shorelineswill generally self-cleanse. Rocky shorelines are the easiest to clean and generally do not have an abundance of biota that can beaffected by the cleaning operation. They can, however, be difficult to access. The amount of spray pressure required to remove oilis less than for other types of shorelines.6.9 Coastal Saltwater MarshesCoastal saltwater marshes are intertidal wetlands, transitional zones between terrestrial andaq
