1、Designation:F193000 (Reapproved 2008) Designation: F1930 11Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for ProtectionAgainst Flash Fire Simulations Using an InstrumentedManikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1930; the number immediately following the designat
2、ion indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1This test method covers quantitativ
3、e measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance of singlelayer garments or protective clothing ensembles in a simulated flash fire environment having controlled heat flux, flamedistribution, and duration. This test method is extremely complex and requires a high degree o
4、f technical expertise in both the testsetup and operation.1.1.1Heat transmitted to each sensor location on the surface of an instrumented manikin is converted to show the correspondingpredicted degree of burn injury to human tissue.1.1.2The sum of these values can then be converted to a percentage t
5、o show the total area of predicted burn injury.1.1.2.1Use of the predicted burn injury to evaluate the heat transferred to the manikin does not constitute a materialsperformance specification.1.1.3The visual and physical changes to the single layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorde
6、d to aid inunderstanding how the burn injury results can be interpreted.1.2The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested usingthe specified heat flux, duration, and flame distribution.1.3This standard should be used to measure and
7、describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire-hazard or fire-risk of materials, products, orassemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as element
8、s of a fire-hazard assessment or afire-risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard or fire riskof a particular end use.1.4This test method is a fire-test-response test method.1.5The values stated in customary units are to be reg
9、arded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units.1.6This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of theuser of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and
10、determine the applicability of regulatory limitationsprior to use.1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single layer garments or protective clothingensembles mounted on a stationary instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire
11、 environmenthaving controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2(2 cal/scm2), withdurations up to 20 seconds.1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid inunderstanding the ov
12、erall performance of the garment or protective ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury resultscan be interpreted.1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects wereexposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm
13、 information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire bodyexcept for the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested usingt
14、he specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame and Thermal.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2008. Published March
15、 2009. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as F1930-00. DOI:10.1520/F1930-00R08.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F1930 - 00(2008).DOI:10.1520/F193011.1This document is n
16、ot an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropria
17、te. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of
18、materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This method is not a fire-test-response test meth
19、od.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversionsto inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.1.8 This standard does not purport to address
20、all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards f
21、or personnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1835 Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) GasesD5219 Terminology Relating to Body Dimensions for Apparel SizingE511 Test Method for Measuring He
22、at Flux Using a Copper-Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux TransducerF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 AATCC Standard: AATCC Standards:3Test Method 135Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering of Woven and Knit Fabrics Dimensional Changes ofFabrics after Home LaunderingTest
23、 Method 158 Dimensional Changes on Dry-Cleaning in Perchloroethylene: Machine Method2.3 Canadian Standards:4CAN/CGSB-4.2 No. 58-M90Textile Test Methods Colourfastness and Dimensional Change inDomestic Laundering of TextilesCAN/CGSB-4.2 No. 58-M90 Textile Test Methods Colorfastness and Dimensional Ch
24、ange in Domestic Laundering of TextilesCAN/CGSB-3.14 M88 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane)2.4 NFPA Standards:5NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code, 2009 EditionNFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code 2008 EditionNFPA 85 Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code, 2007 EditionNFPA 86 Standard for Ovens and Fu
25、rnaces, 2007 Edition3. Terminology3.13.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method use the following documents. For terms related to textiles refer toTerminology D123, for terms related to protective clothing refer to Terminology F1494 and for terms related to body dimensionsrefer to Termino
26、logy D5219.3.2 Definitions:3.1.13.2.1 burn injury, nburn damage that occurs at various levels of depth within human tissue.3.1.1.1thermal damage which occurs to human skin at various depths and is a function of local temperature and time.3.2.1.1 Discussionburn injury in human tissue occurs when the
27、tissue is heated and kept at an elevated temperature for acritical period of time. The amount of burn injury, first, second, or third-degree, depends upon both the level of the elevatedtemperature and the duration of time.3.1.2Burn injury in human tissue occurs when the tissue is heated above a crit
28、ical temperature (44C (317.15 K) or 111F).Thermal burn damage to human tissue depends on the magnitude of the temperature rise above the critical value and the durationthat the temperature is above the critical value. The degree of burn injury (second or third degree) depends on the maximum depthwit
29、hin the skin layers to which tissue damage occurs. The first-degree burn injury is considered minor relative to second-degreeand third-degree burn injuries. It is not included in the evaluation of test specimens in this test method (see Appendix X1).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM web
30、site, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Tria
31、ngle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.4Available from Standards Council of Canada (SCC), 270 Albert Street, Suite 200, Ottawa ON K1P 6N7, Canada, http:/www.scc.ca.4Available from Standards Council of Canada, Suite 1200, 45 OConor St., Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6N7.5The sole source of supply of the com
32、bination total calorimeter/radiometer, Model No. C-1803-A-15-072, known to the committee at this time is HyCal Engineering,12105 Los Nietos Rd., Santa Fe Springs, CA 90670. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Yourcomments wil
33、l receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.5Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.F1930 1123.2.2 fire exposure, nin the fire testing of clothing, the fi
34、re exposure is a propane-air diffusion flame with a controlled heatflux and spatial distribution, engulfing the manikin for a controlled duration.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe flames are generated by propane jet diffusion burners. Each burner produces a reddish-orange flamewith accompanying black smoke (soo
35、t).3.2.3 flame distribution, nin the flash fire testing of clothing, a spatial distribution of incident flames from test facility burnersto provide a controlled heat flux over the manikin surface.3.1.3in the fire testing of clothing, a spatial distribution of incident flames from burners to provide
36、a controlled heat flux overthe surface area of the manikin.3.2.4 instrumented manikin, na model representing an adult-size human and fitted with sensors on the surface for use intesting.3.1.3.1a structure designed and constructed to represent an adult-size human and which is fitted with thermal ener
37、gy (heatflux) sensors on its surface.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe instrumented manikin used in flash fire testing of clothing is fitted with at least 100 heat sensors,excluding hands and feet.3.1.4predicted total area of burn injuryThe manikin is fabricated to specified dimensions from a high temperature r
38、esistantmaterial. The instrumented manikin used in fire testing of clothing is fitted with at least 100 thermal energy (heat flux) sensors,distributed over the manikin surface. The feet and hands are not normally fitted with sensors. If the feet and hands are equippedwith sensors, it is up to the us
39、er to define a procedure to interpret the results.3.2.5 predicted second-degree burn injury, nin the flash fire testing of clothing, the sum of areas represented by the sensorsthat calculate at least a second degree burn injury.3.1.5second-degree burn injuryin the fire testing of clothing, a calcula
40、ted second-degree burn injury to skin based onmeasurements made with a thermal energy sensor.3.2.5.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this standard, predicted second-degree burn injury is defined by the burn injury modelparameters (see Section 12 and Appendix X1). Some laboratories assign an area to ea
41、ch sensor over which the same burn injuryprediction is assumed to occur, others do not.3.2.6 predicted third-degree burn injury, nirreversible burn damage at the epidermis/dermis interface in human tissue.(Synonym second-degree burn)3.1.6second-degree burn injury areain the fire testing of clothing,
42、 a calculated third-degree burn injury to skin based onmeasurements made with a thermal energy sensor.3.2.6.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this standard, predicted third-degree burn injury is defined by the burn injury modelparameters (see Section 12 and Appendix X1). Some laboratories assign an ar
43、ea to each sensor over which the same burn injuryprediction is assumed to occur, others do not.3.2.7 predicted total burn injury, nin the flash fire testing of clothing, the sum of the areas represented by sensors that calculatea burn injury at the epidermis/dermis interface in human tissue. (Synony
44、m second-degree burn area)3.1.7heat sensorin the fire testing of clothing, the manikin surface area represented by all thermal energy sensors registeringa predicted second-degree or predicted third-degree burn injury, expressed as a percentage.3.2.8 second-degree burn injury, na device capable of me
45、asuring incident heat to the manikins surface under test conditionsand creating data that can be processed by a computer program to assess burn injury.3.1.8in the fire testing of clothing, complete necrosis (living cell death) of the epidermis skin layer.3.2.9 thermal energy sensor, na device capabl
46、e of measuring directly the incident heat flux at its surface or one which givesan output which is used to calculate the incident heat flux.3.2.9.1 DiscussionTypes of sensors which have been used successfully include slug calorimeters, surface and buriedtemperature measurements and thin film heat fl
47、ux gauges. Some types of sensors approximate the thermal inertia of human skinand some do not. The known sensors in current use have relatively small detection areas. An assumption is made for the purposesof this method that thermal energy measured in these small areas can be extrapolated to larger
48、surrounding surface areas so thatthe overall manikin surface can be approximated by a minimum number of sensors. The resulting sensors predicted burn injuryapplies to the extrapolated coverage area. Some laboratories assign different coverage areas to each sensor over which the sameburn injury predi
49、ction is assumed to apply, others do not (see 6.2.1.1).3.2.10 thermal protection, nthe property that characterizes the overall performance of a garment or protective clothingensemble relative to how it preventsretards the transfer of heat that is sufficient enough to cause a predicted second-degree orpredicted third-degree burn injury.3.1.8.13.2.10.1 DiscussionIn flash fire testing of clothing, thermal protection of a garment or ensemble and the consequentialpredicted burn injury (second-degree or third-degree), can be quantified by the measured se
