1、Designation: F1930 15F1930 17Standard Test Method forEvaluation of Flame Resistant Clothing for ProtectionAgainst Fire Simulations Using an Instrumented Manikin1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1930; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal a
2、doption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury
3、for single layer garments or protective clothingensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fireenvironment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2(2 calcal/s
4、cmscm2), with durations up to 20 seconds.s.1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid inunderstanding the overall performance of the garment or protective clothing ensemble and how the predicted human skin burninjury results ca
5、n be interpreted.1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects wereexposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire body ofthe manikin, except the hands and
6、feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested usingthe specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.1.5 This standard is used to measure and
7、describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This method is not a fir
8、e-test-response test method.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversionsto inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.1.8 This standard doe
9、s not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardo
10、us.Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standa
11、rds, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD1835 Specification for Liquefied Petroleum (LP) GasesD3776/D3776M Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (We
12、ight) of FabricD5219 Terminology Relating to Body Dimensions for Apparel Sizing1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF23.80 on Flame and Thermal.Current edition approved Feb. 1,
13、 2015April 1, 2017. Published March 2015April 2017. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20132015 asF1930 - 13.F1930 15. DOI:10.1520/F193015.DOI:10.1520/F1930-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at servicea
14、stm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Beca
15、useit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 B
16、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test MethodsE457 Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Using a Thermal Capacitance (Slug) CalorimeterE511 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Co
17、pper-Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux TransducerE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE2683 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Flush-Mounted Insert Temperature-Gradient GagesF1494 Terminology Relating to Protective Clothing2.2 AATC
18、C Standards:3Test Method 135 Dimensional Changes of Fabrics after Home LaunderingTest Method 158 Dimensional Changes on Dry-Cleaning in Perchloroethylene: Machine Method2.3 Canadian Standards:4CAN/CGSB-4.2 No. 58-M90 Textile Test Methods Colorfastness and Dimensional Change in Domestic Laundering of
19、 TextilesCAN/CGSB-3.14 M88 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane)2.4 NFPA Standards:5NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code, 2009 EditionNFPA 58 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code 2008 EditionNFPA 85 Boiler and Combustion Systems Hazards Code, 2007 EditionNFPA 86 Standard for Ovens and Furnaces, 1999 Edition3. Termino
20、logy3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, use the following documents. For terms related to textiles refer toTerminology D123, for terms related to protective clothing refer to Terminology F1494, and for terms related to body dimensionsrefer to Terminology D5219.3.2 Definitions:3.2.
21、1 burn injury, nthermal damage which occurs to human skin at various depths and is a function of local temperature andtime.3.2.1.1 DiscussionBurn injury in human tissue occurs when the tissue is heated above a critical temperature (44C(44 C (317.15 K) or111F).111 F). Thermal burn damage to human tis
22、sue depends on the magnitude of the temperature rise above the critical valueand the duration that the temperature is above the critical value.Thus, damage can occur during both the heating and cooling phasesof an exposure. The degree of burn injury (second or third degree) depends on the maximum de
23、pth within the skin layers to whichtissue damage occurs. The first-degree burn injury is considered minor relative to second-degree and third-degree burn injuries.It is not included in the evaluation of test specimens in this test method (see Appendix X1).3.2.2 fire exposure, nin the fire testing of
24、 clothing, the fire exposure is a propane-air diffusion flame with a controlled heatflux and spatial distribution, engulfing the manikin for a controlled duration.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe flames are generated by propane jet diffusion burners. Each burner produces a reddish-orange flame with accompanyin
25、g blacksmoke (soot).3.2.3 flame distribution, nin the fire testing of clothing, a spatial distribution of incident flames from burners to provide acontrolled heat flux over the surface area of the manikin.3.2.4 heat flux, nthe heat flow rate through a surface of unit area perpendicular to the direct
26、ion of heat flow (kW/m2)(cal/scm(cal/scm2).3.2.4.1 DiscussionTwo different heat fluxes are referred to in this test method: incident and absorbed. The incident heat flux refers to the energystriking the nude manikin, or the exterior foof the test specimen when mounted on the manikin, during flame en
27、gulfment. Theabsorbed heat flux refers to only the portion of the incident heat flux which is absorbed by each thermal energy sensor based on3 Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http:/www.aatcc.org.4 Availa
28、ble from Standards Council of Canada, Suite 1200, 45 OConor St., Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6N7.5 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.F1930 172its absorption characteristics. The incident heat flux is used in setting th
29、e required exposure conditions while the absorbed heat fluxis used in calculating the predicted skin burn injury.3.2.5 instrumented manikin, nin the fire testing of clothing, a structure designed and constructed to represent an adult-sizehuman and which is fitted with thermal energy (heat flux) sens
30、ors onat its surface.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe manikin is fabricated to specified dimensions from a high temperature resistant temperature-resistant material (see 6.1). Theinstrumented manikin used in fire testing of clothing is fitted with at least 100 thermal energy sensors, distributed over the manik
31、insurface. The feet and hands are not normally fitted with sensors. If the feet and hands are equipped with sensors, it is up to theuser to define a procedure to interpret the results.3.2.6 predicted second-degree burn injury, na calculated second-degree burn injury to skin based on measurements mad
32、e witha thermal energy sensor.3.2.6.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this standard, predicted second-degree burn injury is defined by the burn injury model parameters (see Section12 and Appendix X1). Some laboratories have unequally spaced sensors and assign an area to each sensor over which the same
33、burn injury prediction is assumed to occur, others do not.occur; others, with equally spaced sensors, have equal areas for eachsensor.3.2.7 predicted third-degree burn injury, na calculated third-degree burn injury to skin based on measurements made with athermal energy sensor.3.2.7.1 DiscussionFor
34、the purposes of this standard, predicted third-degree burn injury is defined by the burn injury model parameters (see Section12 and Appendix X1). Some laboratories have unequally spaced sensors and assign an area to each sensor over which the sameburn injury prediction is assumed to occur, others do
35、 not.occur; others, with equally spaced sensors, have equal areas for eachsensor.3.2.8 predicted total burn injury, nin the fire testing of clothing, the manikin surface area represented by all thermal energysensors registering a predicted second-degree or predicted third-degree burn injury, express
36、ed as a percentage (see 13.5).3.2.9 second-degree burn injury, ncomplete necrosis (living cell death) of the epidermis skin layer (see Appendix X1).3.2.10 thermal energy sensor, na device which produces an output suitable for calculating incident and absorbed heat fluxes.3.2.10.1 DiscussionTypes of
37、sensors which have been used successfully include slug calorimeters, surface and buried temperature measurements, andcircular foil heat flux gauges. Some types of sensors approximate the thermal inertia of human skin and some do not. The knownsensors in current use have relatively small detection ar
38、eas. An assumption is made for the purposes of this method that thermalenergy measured in these small areas can be extrapolated to larger surrounding surface areas so that the overall manikin surfacecan be approximated by a minimum number of sensors. The resulting sensor predicted sensor-predicted b
39、urn injury applies to theextrapolated coverage area. Some laboratories assign different coverage areas to each sensor over which the same burn injuryprediction is assumed to apply, others do not apply; others, with equally spaced sensors, have equal areas for each sensor (see6.2.2.1).3.2.11 thermal
40、protection, nthe property that characterizes the overall performance of a garment or protective clothingensemble relative to how it retards the transfer of heat thermal energy that is sufficient to cause a predicted second-degree orpredicted third-degree burn injury.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThermal protec
41、tion of a garment or ensemble and the consequential predicted burn injury (second-degree and third-degree), isquantified from the response of the thermal energy sensors and use of thea skin burn injury prediction model. In addition to thecalculated results, the physical response and degradation of t
42、he garment or protective clothing ensemble is an observablephenomenon useful in understanding garment or protective clothing ensemble thermal protection.F1930 1733.2.12 third-degree burn injury, ncomplete necrosis (living cell death) of the epidermis and dermis skin layers (see AppendixX1).4. Summar
43、y of Test Method4.1 This test method covers quantitative measurements and subjective observations that characterize the performance of singlelayer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin. The conditioned testspecimen is placed on the instrumente
44、d manikin at ambient atmospheric conditions and exposed to a propane-air diffusion flamewith controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average incident heat flux is 84 84 kWkW/mm2 (2cal/scmcal/scm2) with durations up to 20 seconds.s.4.2 The test procedure, data acquisition, calcula
45、tion of results, and preparation of parts of the test report are performed withcomputer hardware and software programs. The complexity of the test method requires a high degree of technical expertise in thetest setup and operation of the instrumented manikin and the associated data collection and an
46、alysis software.4.3 Thermal energy transferred through and from the test specimen during and after the exposure is measured by thermal energysensors located at the surface of the manikin. A computer based computer-based data acquisition system is used to store the timevarying output from the sensors
47、 over a preset time interval.4.4 Computer software uses the stored data to calculate the incident heat flux and the absorbed heat flux and their variation withtime for each sensor.The calculated absorbed heat flux and its variation with time is used to calculate the temperature within humanskin and
48、subcutaneous layers (adipose) as a function of time. The temperature history within the skin and subcutaneous layers(adipose) is used to predict the onset and severity of human skin burn injury. The computer software calculates the predictedsecond-degree and predicted third-degree burn injury and th
49、e total predicted burn injury resulting from the exposure.4.5 The overall percentage of predicted second-degree, predicted third-degreethird-degree, and predicted total burn injury iscalculated by dividing the total number of sensors indicating each of these conditions by the total number of sensors on themanikin. Alternately, the overall percentages are calculated using sensor area weighted techniques for facilities with non-uniformnonuniform sensor coverage. A reporting is also made of the above conditions where the areas that are not covere
