1、Designation: F1936 101An American National StandardStandard Specification forImpact Attenuation of Turf Playing Systems as Measured inthe Field1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1936; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorially corrected 8.3 in October 2014.INTRODUCTIONThe impact attenuation of turf playing
3、systems can be measured in a laboratory, but such tests areoften conducted under optimal or tightly controlled conditions. To accurately assess the impactattenuation an athlete will encounter on an installed field, that specific field must be tested in situ. Thatobjective was the impetus for the dev
4、elopment of this specification. Initially, the stated scope of thespecification was limited to measuring the impact attenuation of North American football fields. Thescope of the current revision encompasses a broader range of sport-specific field configurations anda protocol for conducting tests on
5、 multi-sport fields.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes an in situ test method andmaximum impact attenuation value for all types of turf playingsystems and for a number of sport-specific field layouts. It alsoincludes a protocol for determining test point locations onfields that are lined for
6、 multiple sports.1.1.1 Turf playing systems may be located outdoors orindoors, and typically include field areas within the in-boundslines and areas outside the in-bounds lines extending tosport-specific limit lines; areas where an athlete should expectto encounter impact attenuation performance tha
7、t complieswith this specification.1.1.2 Site-specific conditions may exist wherein non-turfsurface materials, such as track surfacing and/or covers oversubsurface structures, are found within the boundaries of thelimit lines. These alternate surface materials are not included inthe scope of this spe
8、cification.1.2 This specification establishes a method for reporting testresults and identifying areas within an existing turf playingsystem where impact attenuation measurements exceed re-quired threshold values.1.3 Nothing in this specification is intended to imposelimitations on what fields can b
9、e tested, or how a particularfield can be used. Test providers can adapt the procedures andguidelines contained herein to tests performed on any turfplaying system.1.4 This specification does not imply that an impact-relatedinjury cannot be incurred if a turf playing system complies withits g-max pe
10、rformance requirement.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety
11、concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F355 Test Method for ImpactAttenuat
12、ion of Playing SurfaceSystems and MaterialsF1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfacingMaterials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF1551 Test Methods for Comprehensive Characterization ofSynthetic Turf Playing Surfaces and MaterialsF1702 Test Method for Measuring Impact-Attenuati
13、on Char-acteristics of Natural Playing Surface Systems Using a1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilitiesand is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.65 on Artificial Turf Surfaces and Systems.Current edition approve
14、d May 1, 2010. Published July 2010. Originally approvedin 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1936 071. DOI: 10.1520/F1936-10E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vol
15、ume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Lightweight Portable ApparatusF2650 Terminology Relating to Impact Testing of SportsSurfaces and Equipmen
16、t2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 6587 Paper, board and pulps Determination of con-ductivity of aqueous extracts3NOTE 1Additional references are listed at the end of this specification.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Except as noted, definitions in this standardare in accordance with Terminology F2650.3.1.1 abno
17、rmal dropany drop of the missile which, due tooperator or equipment problem(s) or uncertainty, results in areading which is questionable.3.1.2 average g-maxsum of the g-max of the second andthird drops divided by two and rounded to the nearest wholenumber.3.1.3 combination turf systema turf playing
18、system con-sisting of a natural turf surface which is enhanced by use ofsynthetic elements such as synthetic turf substructures, exclud-ing water/drainage systems and single layer mesh fabrics,which are used for the sole purpose of soil stabilization.3.1.4 drop testa set of three successive drops of
19、 the impactmissile at a test point, where each drop has been performed andrecorded in accordance with prescribed guidelines.3.1.5 infill turf systema turf playing system having a longpile height and one or more substances in the face of the fabricto provide desired performance properties. Infill mat
20、erials caninclude sand, rubber, other substances, or combinationsthereof.3.1.6 impact velocitythe velocity of the missile as itimpacts the turf playing system.3.1.7 limit lineslimits beyond the in-bounds boundariesthat represent the extent to which the out-of-bounds areasshould remain free of hazard
21、s and obstructions, and where anathlete may anticipate consistent surface characteristics. Theselimits are defined by the appropriate governing body orregulating standard for each specific sport.3.1.8 natural turf systema turf playing system which iscomprised of living grass or similar plant materia
22、ls which arerooted in soil.3.1.9 pilea surface texture composed of many individualthin strands or groups of strands bound to a backing fabric ina repetitive array.3.1.10 pile layovera horizontal motion of the pile underthe influence of impact.3.1.11 restraining ringa rigid circular device with asmoo
23、th or polished surface, creating little or no friction, usedto restrict the horizontal movement of the missile at impact.3.1.12 synthetic turf systema composite of synthetic con-tact surface material, any fill material used in the contactsurface, energy absorbing material, fabric layers, adhesives,
24、ifany, and other constructed layers (as applicable to the indi-vidual system).3.1.13 test pointa location on the turf playing system atwhich a series of measurements is taken.3.1.14 theoretical drop heightthe drop height (h) that,under standard conditions, would result in an impact velocityequal to
25、a missiles measured impact velocity (Vo).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Turf playing systems are tested according to this speci-fication and Test Method F355, ProcedureA.Atheoretical dropheight of 24 in. (61 cm), as measured from the bottom of themissile face to the top of the turf playing system, sha
26、ll be used.At each test point, the impact missile is dropped onto the turfplaying system three times, with an interval of 1.0 6 0.5 min(60 6 30 s) between successive drops. The g-max value foreach drop is recorded and reported. Following the third drop,the average g-max value for the test point is c
27、alculated andreported.5. Significance and Use5.1 Data obtained from the use of this specification areindicative of the impact attenuation performance of individualtest points on an installed turf playing system. The data may beused to make comparisons between values measured in accor-dance with this
28、 specification and performance requirementsherein or elsewhere specified. Data may also be used todetermine the need for maintenance and or replacement of theturf playing system.6. Performance Requirements6.1 When tested in accordance with this specification, theaverage g-max at each test point shal
29、l be less than 200 gs.6.2 If a turf playing system is tested in accordance with thisspecification, and the reported average g-max of one or moretest points is equal to or greater than 200 gs, the turf playingsystem should be brought into compliance and should not beused in the interim.6.3 Nothing in
30、 this specification is intended to keep anowner, architect, engineer or other specifier from establishingmore stringent performance requirements for a turf playingsystem. However, reports prepared in accordance with thisspecification shall assess performance per the requirementsdescribed in 6.1 and
31、6.2.7. Test Apparatus7.1 The impacting missile shall be cylindrical with acircular, flat, metal, impacting surface. It shall weigh 20 lb (9.1kg), and have a 20 in.2(129 cm2) surface face with theimpacting edges slightly beveled to eliminate sharp edges. Thedesign of the missile shall provide for mou
32、nting the acceler-ometer within 61 of the vertical axis of the missile, and allowthe missile to achieve a velocity of 11.35 6 0.56 ft/s (3.46 60.17 m/s) (referenced in Section 27 of Test Methods F1551 asthe velocity corresponding to a theoretical drop height of 24 in.(61 cm) at sea level) upon impac
33、t from the drop height.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.F1936 10127.2 To restrict the influence of pile layover, the test equip-ment shall be designed to include a rigid restraining ring witha smooth or pol
34、ished surface, creating little or no friction,having an interior dimension not to exceed the diameter of themissile by more than 0.039 in. (1 mm). The ring shall besecurely mounted horizontal to the surface such that a mini-mum of14 of the missile shall freely pass through it prior tostriking the su
35、rface, ensuring a vertical impact and precludingthe missiles rebound onto the top of the ring. Other guidancesystems can be utilized, provided they do not allow lateralmovement greater than 0.039 in. (1 mm) upon impact andrebound of the missile.7.3 The test equipment shall have sufficient stability
36、toeliminate undesirable vibrations in the apparatus which mightbe recorded on the acceleration-time curve. It shall also allowsufficient vertical fall for the missile to achieve a velocitycorresponding to a theoretical drop height of 24 in. (61 cm).7.4 The signal from the acceleration transducer sha
37、ll beconditioned with a low pass filter: complying to Channel Class1000 as specified in Specification F1292 (ISO 6587).7.5 The acceleration recording system must be capable ofaccurately resolving the deceleration to a minimum of 61%oftrue value.7.6 The acceleration transducer must be capable of with
38、-standing impacts of at least 1000 g without damage.7.7 The minimum required system sampling rate is 20 000Hz.7.8 The test equipment shall be capable of visually display-ing and recording the acceleration-time curve of each drop.NOTE 2The Clegg Hammer, as defined in Test Method F1702,isnotan appropr
39、iate device for testing under this specification. Results obtainedwith a Clegg Hammer and subsequently adjusted by conversion factors orregression equations are not appropriate for inclusion in a report preparedin accordance with this specification.8. Test Point Locations8.1 The following sections d
40、escribe suggested test pointlocations for each listed field configuration. The descriptionsare supplemented by accompanying illustrations. The numberof test points listed for each field configuration constitutes aminimum requirement. As noted in 8.11, additional points maybe tested.8.1.1 On fields l
41、ined for multiple sports, the selection of testpoint locations will be determined by the sport which appearsfirst on the following list: football (American football, Cana-dian football, and rugby), soccer, mens lacrosse, womenslacrosse, baseball, softball, field hockey.8.1.2 Actual drop sites may be
42、 located anywhere within a 36in. (91 cm) radius of a described test point location. Deviationsthat exceed this requirement must be recorded as siteabnormalities, per 11.1.15.8.1.3 This specification cannot anticipate all possible fieldconfigurations. Persons using it are expected to select the mosta
43、ppropriate set of test points for the field being tested, fromamong the options specified below.8.2 Football (American football, Canadian football, andrugby) (see Fig. 1):8.2.1 Point 1Goal Line, End A, center of field;8.2.2 Point 210 Yard Line, End A, 63 ft from center offield to Side C;8.2.3 Point
44、325 Yard Line, End A, 40 ft from center offield to Side C;NOTE 1Test points 7 and 8 are shown for information purposes only. Actual locations are selected at the time of the test and may vary from thoseillustrated.FIG. 1 Test Point Locations for North American FootballF1936 10138.2.4 Point 4Center o
45、f the field;8.2.5 Point 525 Yard Line, End B, 63 ft from center offield to Side D;8.2.6 Point 612 Yard Line, End B, center of field;8.2.7 Point 7A test point selected by the tester, with theobjective of identifying and testing a high-wear area locatedwithin the limit lines but outside the in-bounds
46、lines;8.2.7.1 Football limit lines are typically 12 ft beyond thein-bounds lines.8.2.8 Point 8A test point selected by the tester, with theobjective of identifying and testing an area within the limitlines (to include the in-bounds area) that may have differentimpact attenuation performance than poi
47、nts previously tested;8.2.9 Point 96 ft from the Goal Line to the back of theEnd Zone, End A, center of field;8.2.10 Point 106 ft from the back of the End Zone to theGoal Line, End B, center of field.8.2.11 If the field is lined for Canadian football or rugby andnot for American football, refer to 8
48、.9.1 for instructionsregarding test point placement.8.3 Soccer (see Fig. 2):8.3.1 Point 1Penalty Mark, End A, center of field;8.3.2 Point 2Corner of Penalty Area at End A and closestto Touch Line C;8.3.3 Point 375 ft from Halfway Line to EndA, 40 ft fromcenter of field to Touch Line C;8.3.4 Point 4C
49、enter Mark;8.3.5 Point 575 ft from Halfway Line to End B, 63 ft fromcenter of field to Touch Line D;8.3.6 Point 612 the distance from Penalty Arc to leadingedge of Penalty Area at End B, center of field;8.3.7 Point 7A test point selected by the tester, with theobjective of identifying and testing a high-wear area locatedanywhere within the limit lines, but outside the in-boundslines:8.3.7.1 Limit lines are 10 ft beyond the in-bounds lines onhigh school soccer fields, and 20 ft beyond the in-bounds lineson NCAA soccer fields.8.3.8
