1、Designation: F 1947 04An American National StandardStandard Practice forInstallation of Folded Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe intoExisting Sewers and Conduits1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1947; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal
2、adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes the procedures for the rehabili-tation of s
3、ewer lines and conduits (4 to 15 in. diameter) by theinsertion of a folded PVC pipe, which is heated, pressurized,and expanded against the interior surface of an existing pipewith either a mechanical rounding device or steam pressure.The finished PVC pipe will be continuous and conform to theexistin
4、g conduit. This rehabilitation process can be used in avariety of gravity applications, such as sanitary sewers, stormsewers, and process piping.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are providedfor information purposes only.1.3
5、This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docum
6、ents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating toPlasticsD 1784 Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC)Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chlor
7、ide)(CPVC) CompoundsD 2122 Test Method of Determining Dimensions of Ther-moplastic Pipe and FittingsF 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping SystemsF 1417 Test Method for Installation Acceptance of PlasticGravity Sewer Lines Using Low-Pressure AirF 1504 Specification for Folded Poly(Vinyl Chlori
8、de)(PVC) Pipe for Existing Sewer and Conduit Rehabilitation2.2 NASSCO Standard:Recommended Specifications for Sewer Collection Sys-tem Rehabilitation33. Terminology3.1 Definitions Terminology used in this practice is inconformance with Terminology F 412 and abbreviations usedin this practice are in
9、accordance with Terminology D 1600,unless otherwise indicated.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 containment tube, nan optional elastomeric materialplaced between the folded pipe and the existing pipe to protectthe folded pipe during insertion, for containment of steamduring th
10、e installation process, and to provide a waterproofbarrier against infiltration, inflow, and standing water. This tuberemains within the pipe but provides no structural support.3.2.2 dimples (dimpling), nWhere a side connectionmeets the existing pipe, there is not existing pipe support forthe PVC pi
11、pe during expansion causing a point of thermoplas-tic pipe expansion slightly beyond the existing pipe wall. Thisformation of an external departure from the formed pipe wallis termed dimpling.3.2.3 folded pipe, nPVC pipe that has been manufacturedin a folded shape for use in existing pipeline rehabi
12、litation (seeFig. 1).3.2.4 formed pipe, nfolded pipe that has been insertedinto an existing sewer or conduit and expanded with heat,pressure, and, if applicable, a rounding device to conform toand take the shape of the existing pipe (see Fig. 1).3.2.5 insertion point, nan existing manhole, existing
13、ac-cess shaft, or an excavated pit that serves as the point ofentrance for the folded pipe into the existing pipe.3.2.6 rounded field sample, na rounded field sample isformed when the folded pipe has been inserted into a mold pipeand expanded with heat and pressure to conform to the moldpipe.3.2.7 r
14、ounding device, na flexible, bullet-shaped device,which may be used to unfold and expand the folded pipe tightlyagainst the wall of the existing pipe.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on PlasticPiping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.67 onTren
15、chless Plastic Pipeline Technology.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as F 1947 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. F
16、or Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from NASSCO, 140 Circle Drive, Suite 103, Maitland, FL 32751.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Stat
17、es.3.2.8 termination point, nan existing manhole, existingaccess shaft, or an excavated pit that serves as the point of exitof the folded pipe from the existing pipe.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is for use by designers and specifiers,regulatory agencies, owners, and inspection organizati
18、ons whoare involved in the rehabilitation of non-pressure sewers andconduits.5. Materials5.1 The folded poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) pipe shall be inaccordance with Specification F 1504.5.2 The folded pipe shall be spooled in a continuous lengthfor storage and shipping to the job site. Handling and s
19、toringshall be in accordance with the manufacturers publishedrecommendations.5.3 The optional containment tube should be an elastomericmaterial capable of containing the steam required to processthe folded pipe and serve as a protective waterproofing barrier.The containment tube shall be compatible
20、with the PVCcompound, the folded pipe installation process, and the exist-ing pipe so as not to effect the properties of the finished pipe.6. Installation Recommendations6.1 Cleaning and Inspection:6.1.1 Prior to entering access areas such as manholes, andperforming inspection or cleaning operations
21、, an evaluation ofthe atmosphere to determine the presence of toxic or flammablevapors or lack of oxygen must be undertaken in accordancewith local, state, or federal safety regulations.6.1.2 Cleaning of PipelineInternal debris shall be re-moved from the existing pipeline. The pipeline should beclea
22、ned with hydraulically-powered equipment, high-velocityjet cleaners, or mechanically-powered equipment in accor-dance with NASSCO Recommended Specifications for SewerCollection System Rehabilitation.6.1.3 Inspection of PipelinesInspection of pipelines shallbe performed by experienced personnel train
23、ed in locatingbreaks, obstacles, and service connections by closed circuittelevision. The interior of the pipeline shall be inspectedcarefully to determine the location of any conditions that mayprevent proper installation of the folded pipe, such as protrud-ing service taps, collapsed or crushed pi
24、pe, out-of-roundness,significant line sags, and deflected joints. These conditionsshould be noted and corrected prior to installation.6.1.4 Line ObstructionsThe existing pipeline shall beclear of obstructions that will prevent the proper insertion andfull expansion of the folded pipe such as offset
25、joints of morethan 12.5 % of inside pipe diameter, service connections thatprotrude into the pipe more than 12.5 % of the inside pipediameter or 1 in. (25 mm), whichever is less; and, otherreductions in cross-sectional area of more than 16 % based onthe inside diameter of the existing pipe. If inspe
26、ction reveals anobstruction that cannot be removed by conventional equip-ment, then a point repair excavation shall be made to uncoverand remove or repair the obstruction. Typically, bends alongthe pipe length in excess of 30 and changes in pipe size cannotbe accommodated along an insertion length o
27、f the folded pipe.Such conditions require access at these points for terminationand start of a new insertion.NOTE 1Some processes may accommodate larger obstructions. Con-sult the product manufacturer for applications which exceed these typicallimitations.6.2 BypassingIf flow can not be interrupted
28、for thenecessary duration, bypassing of the flow is required aroundthe sections of the existing pipe designated for rehabilitation.The bypass should be made by plugging the line at a pointupstream of the pipe to be reconstructed and pumping the flowto a downstream point or adjacent system. The pump
29、andbypass lines shall be of adequate capacity and size to handleany extreme flows expected during the installation period.Services within the rehabilitation area will be out of servicetemporarily.NOTE 2Public advisory services will be required to notify all partieswhose service laterals will be out
30、of commission and to advise againstwater usage until the mainline is back in service.6.3 Insertion:6.3.1 The spool of folded shall be positioned near theinsertion point and contained in a heating chamber. A tempera-ture, as recommended by the manufacturer, shall be maintainedin the heating chamber f
31、or a minimum of1htofully heat thelength of folded pipe to be inserted. Shorter insertion lengthsmay be fully heated over a shorter time period as recommendedby the manufacturer.6.3.2 A containment tube then may be pulled through theexisting conduit, secured at both ends, and inflated with air atlow
32、pressure.NOTE 3The containment tube allows for thorough and even heatingof the folded pipe by providing a barrier between the folded pipe andinfiltration or standing water in the existing pipeline.6.3.3 A cable shall be strung through the existing conduit(and containment tube, if applicable) and att
33、ached to the foldedpipe. The folded pipe shall be heated along the entire lengthand pulled, with a power winch unit and the cable, directlyfrom the spool, through the insertion point, through thecontainment tube (if utilized), and within the existing pipe intothe terminating manhole. A dynamometer s
34、hall be provided onthe winch or cable to monitor the pulling force. Pulling forcesNOTEThis figure is intended only for clarification of terms specific tothis practice and shows a representative folded pipe shape. Other foldedpipe shapes may meet the requirements of this practice.FIG. 1 Folded Pipe a
35、nd Formed Pipe, Clarification of TermsF1947042shall be monitored so as not to exceed the axial strain limits ofthe folded pipe material as recommended by the manufacturer.6.3.4 After insertion is complete, the winch cable shall besecured at the termination end, and the folded pipe shall be cutoff at
36、 the insertion point and secured.6.4 Expansion:6.4.1 To check that adequate temperatures are beingachieved prior to expansion, suitable monitors to gage tem-perature shall be placed at the insertion and termination ends.6.4.2 Through the use of heat and pressure or heat, pressure,and a rounding devi
37、ce, the folded pipe shall be expanded fully.Expansion pressures shall be sufficient to unfold the PVC pipe,press it against the wall of the existing conduit, and formdimples at service connections.NOTE 4Folded pipe expansion pressures typically are in the range of8 to 10 psi (55 to 69 kPa) but may v
38、ary based on field conditions.6.4.3 If a rounding device is used, it should be propelled ata controlled rate within the folded pipe expanding the foldedpipe in a sequential manner. The rounding device shall beflexible and inflated with continual pressure so that is pressur-izes the formed pipe again
39、st the existing pipe wall whilepushing water ahead of the expansion process. The expansionrate (or rounding device speed) shall not exceed 5 ft/s (1.52m/s).6.4.4 Once the rounding device has reached the terminationpoint, the expansion pressure shall be maintained for a mini-mum period of 2 min to en
40、sure the complete expansion of thepipe at local deformities and to allow for complete dimpling atside connections.6.5 Cool DownThe formed pipe shall be cooled to atemperature below 100F (38C) before relieving the pressurerequired to hold the PVC pipe against the existing pipe wall.NOTE 5Shrinkage of
41、 the formed pipe during cool-down typically isminimal due to the friction provided where the formed pipe conforms toexisting pipeline irregularities, such as offset joints.6.6 After the formed pipe has cooled down, the terminatingends shall be trimmed to a minimum of 3 in. (76.2 mm) beyondthe existi
42、ng pipe as allowance for possible shrinkage duringcooling to ground temperature.6.7 Service ConnectionsAfter the formed pipe has beeninstalled, and leakage tested, if applicable, the existing activeservice connections shall be reconnected. This should be donewithout excavation from the interior of t
43、he pipeline by meansof a television camera and a remote control cutting deviceunless otherwise specified by the owner.NOTE 6In many cases, a good seal is provided where the formed pipedimples at service connections; however, this practice should not beconstrued to provide a 100 % watertight seal at
44、all service connections. Iftotal elimination of infiltration and inflow is desired, other means, whichare beyond the scope of this practice, may be necessary to seal serviceconnections and to rehabilitate service lines and manholes.7. Inspection and Acceptance7.1 The installation may be inspected by
45、 closed-circuittelevision. The formed pipe shall be continuous over the entirelength of the insertion and conform to the walls of the existingpipe evidenced by visible joint definition and mirroring ofexisting pipe irregularities. Variations from true line and grademay be inherent because of the con
46、ditions of the existingpipeline. No infiltration of groundwater through the formedpipe wall should be observed. All service entrances should beaccounted for and be unobstructed.7.2 Leakage TestingIf required by the owner or desig-nated in the contract documents or purchase order, or acombination the
47、reof, gravity pipes shall be tested for leakage.This test shall take place after the formed pipe has cooled downto ambient temperature. This test is limited to pipe lengths withno service laterals or lines with service laterals, which have notyet been reinstated. One of the following two methods sha
48、ll beused.7.2.1 An exfiltration test method involves plugging theformed pipe at both ends and filling it with water. Theallowable water exfiltration for any length of pipe betweentermination points should not exceed 50 U.S. gal/in. of internalpipe diameter/mile/day, providing that all air has been b
49、ledfrom the line. The leakage quantity shall be gaged by the waterlevel in a temporary standpipe placed in the upstream plug.During exfiltration testing, the maximum internal pipe pressureat the lowest end shall not exceed 10 ft (3.0 m) of water of 4.3psi (29.7 kPa) and the water level inside of the standpipe shallbe 2 ft (0.6 m) higher than the top of the pipe or 2 ft (0.6 m)higher than the groundwater level, whichever is greater. Thetest shall be conducted for a minimum of 1 h.7.2.2 An air test shall be conducted in accordance with TestMethod F 1417.7.3 Fi
