1、Designation: F 1962 05An American National StandardStandard Guide forUse of Maxi-Horizontal Directional Drilling for Placement ofPolyethylene Pipe or Conduit Under Obstacles, IncludingRiver Crossings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1962; the number immediately following the des
2、ignation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes the des
3、ign, selection consider-ations, and installation procedures for the placement of poly-ethylene pipe or conduit below ground using maxi-horizontaldirectional drilling equipment. The pipes or conduits may beused for various applications including telecommunications,electric power, natural gas, petrole
4、um, water lines, sewer lines,or other fluid transport.1.2 Horizontal directional drilling is a form of trenchlesstechnology. The equipment and procedures are intended tominimize surface damage, restoration requirements, and dis-ruption of vehicular or maritime traffic with little or nointerruption o
5、f other existing lines or services. Mini-horizontaldirectional drilling (min-HDD) is typically used for the rela-tively shorter distances and smaller diameter pipes associatedwith local utility distribution lines. In comparison, maxi-horizontal directional drilling (maxi-HDD) is typically used forlo
6、nger distances and larger diameter pipes common in majorriver crossings. Applications that are intermediate to themini-HDD or maxi-HDD categories may utilize appropriate“medi” equipment of intermediate size and capabilities. In suchcases, the design guidelines and installation practices wouldfollow
7、those described for the mini- or maxi-HDD categories,as judged to be most suitable for each situation.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation purposes only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
8、safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of the regulatory limitations prior to use. Section 6contains general safety information related to the use of
9、maxi-horizontal directional drilling equipment.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering, De-sign, and Construction PurposesD 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of S
10、oilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-pling of SoilsD 2113 Practice for Diamond Core Sampling for Site In-vestigationsD 2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strengthof Cohesive SoilD 2435 Test Method for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of SoilsD 2447 Specification
11、for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe,Schedules 40 and 80 Based on Controlled Outside Diam-eterD 2513 Specification for Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe,Tubing, and FittingsD 2657 Practice for Heat-Joining of Polyolefin Pipe andFittingsD 2850 Test Method for Unconsolidated, Undrained Com-pressive Streng
12、th of Cohesive Soils in Triaxial Compres-sionD 3035 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe(SDR-PR) Based on Controlled Outside DiameterD 4186 Test Method for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Controlled-Strain LoadingD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soi
13、lSamplesD 4318 Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD 4767 Test Method for Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic PipingSystems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.67 on TrenchlessPlas
14、tic Pipeline Technology.Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Last previousedition approved in 1999 as F196299.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inf
15、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Compression Test on Cohesive SoilsD 5084 Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Po
16、rous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterF 714 Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Plastic Pipe(SDR-PR) Based on Outside DiameterF 1804 Practice for Determining Allowable Tensile Loadfor Polyethylene (PE) Gas Pipe during Pull-In Installation2.2 Other Standards:ANSI Preferred Number Series 10AN
17、SI/EIA/TIA-590 Standard for Physical Location andProtection of Below-Ground Fiber Optic Cable Plant3OSHA-3075 Controlling Electrical Hazards4TR-NWT-000356 Generic Requirements for Optical CableInnerduct53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 horizontal directional drilling, HDD, na techniquefor install
18、ing pipes or utility lines below ground using asurface-mounted drill rig that launches and places a drill stringat a shallow angle to the surface and has tracking and steeringcapabilities.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe drill string creates a pilot bore holein an essentially horizontal path or shallow arc whi
19、ch maysubsequently be enlarged to a larger diameter during a second-ary operation which typically includes reaming and thenpullback of the pipe or utility line. Tracking of the initial borepath is accomplished by a manually operated overhead receiveror a remote tracking system. Steering is achieved
20、by control-ling the orientation of the drill head which has a directionalbias and pushing the drill string forward with the drill headoriented in the direction desired. Continuous rotation of thedrill string allows the drill head to bore a straight path. Theprocedure uses fluid jet or mechanical cut
21、ting, or both, with alow, controlled volume of drilling fluid flow to minimize thecreation of voids during the initial boring or backreamingoperations. The drilling fluid helps stabilize the bore hole,remove cuttings, provide lubricant for the drill string andplastic pipe, and cool the drill head. T
22、he resultant slurrysurrounds the pipe, typically filling the annulus between thepipe and the bored cavity.3.1.2 maxi-horizontal directional drilling, maxi-HDD, naclass of HDD, sometimes referred to as directional drilling, forboring holes of up to several thousand feet in length andplacing pipes of
23、up to 48 in. (114 m) diameter or greater atdepths up to 200 ft (60 m).3.1.2.1 DiscussionMaxi-HDD is appropriate for placingpipes under large rivers or other large obstacles (Fig. 1).Tracking information is provided remotely to the operator ofthe drill rig by sensors located towards the leading end o
24、f thedrill string. Cutting of the pilot hole and expansion of the holeis typically accomplished with a bit or reamer attached to thedrill pipe, which is rotated and pulled by the drilling rig.3.1.3 mini-horizontal directional drilling, mini-HDD, naclass of HDD, sometimes referred to as guided boring
25、, forboring holes of up to several hundred feet in length and placingpipes of typically 12 in. (300 mm) or less nominal diameter atdepths typically less than 25 ft (7 m).3.1.3.1 DiscussionMini-HDD is appropriate for placinglocal distribution lines (including service lines or laterals)beneath local s
26、treets, private property, and along right-of-ways.The creation of the pilot bore hole and the reaming operationsare typically accomplished by fluid jet cutting or the cuttingtorque provided by rotating the drill string, although mudmotors powered by the drilling fluid are sometimes used forhard or r
27、ocky soil conditions. The use of such mud motorswould only be applicable for the larger mini-HDD machines.The locating and tracking systems typically require a manuallyoperated overhead receiver to follow the progress of the initialpilot bore. The receiver is placed above the general vicinity ofthe
28、drill head to allow a determination of its precise locationand depth, indicate drill head orientation for determiningsteering information to be implemented from the drill rig.3.1.4 pipe dimension ratio, DR, nthe average specifieddiameter of a pipe divided by the minimum specified wallthickness.3.1.4
29、.1 DiscussionFor pipes manufactured to a controlledoutside diameter (OD), the DR is the ratio of pipe outerdiameter to minimum wall thickness. The standard dimension3Available from the Electronics IndustriesAssociation, 2001 PennsylvaniaAve.,N.W., Washington, DC, 20006.4Available from the Occupation
30、al Health and Safety Administration, 200Constitution Ave. N.W. Washington, DC 20210.5Available from Bellcore, 60 New England Ave., Room 1B252, Piscataway, NJ,08854-4196.FIG. 1 Maxi-HDD for Obstacle (for example, River) CrossingF1962052ratio (SDR) is a specific ratio of the outside diameter to themin
31、imum wall thickness as specified by ANSI PreferredNumber Series 10.NOTE 1Lower DR values correspond to thicker, stronger pipes.4. Preliminary Site Investigation4.1 General ConsiderationsAmaxi-HDD project, such asthat associated with a river crossing, is a major event that willrequire extensive and t
32、horough surface and subsurface inves-tigations. Qualified geotechnical engineers should perform thework for the owner in preparation for planning and designingof the bore route. The information should also be provided tothe potential contractors to provide guidance for the biddingstage and subsequen
33、t installation. The contractor may performadditional investigations, as desired. Since typical maxi-HDDprojects represent river crossings, the following procedures aredescribed in terms of the specific investigations and issuesarising in such cases. The general procedures, however, may beappropriate
34、ly interpreted to also apply to non-river crossings,such as under land-based obstacles including highways, rail-ways, etc.4.2 Surface Investigation (1, 2)64.2.1 Topographic SurveyA survey should be conductedto accurately define the working areas described in 4.1 for theproposed crossing site. Horizo
35、ntal and vertical references mustbe established for referencing hydrographic and geotechnicaldata. The survey should typically include overbank profiles onthe anticipated path center-line, extending about 150 ft (75 m)landward of the bore entry point to the length of the (pre-fabricated) pull sectio
36、n landward of the bore exit point. Thesurvey information should be related to topographical featuresin the vicinity of the proposed crossing. Existing topographicalinformation may be available from the U.S. Geological Survey,or Federal, state, or county publications. Aerial photographs orordnance su
37、rveys may be useful, especially for crossingland-based obstacles in urban areas, since these may indicatethe presence of demolished buildings and the possibility of oldfoundations, as well any filled areas (3). It is also necessary tocheck available utility records to help identify the preciselocati
38、on of existing below-ground facilities in the vicinity,including electric power, natural gas, petroleum, water, sewer,or telecommunications lines. The presence of existing pipe-lines, support pilings, etc., containing significant steel massshould be noted since this may cause interference with mag-n
39、etically sensitive equipment guidance or location instrumen-tation.4.2.1.1 Drill Rig (Bore Entry) SideThe available arearequired on the side of the drill rig must be sufficient for the rigitself and its ancillary equipment. In general, the size of therequired area on the rig side will depend upon th
40、e magnitude ofthe operation, including length of bore and diameter of pipe tobe placed. Typically, a temporary workspace of approximately150 ft (45 m) width by 250 ft (75 m) length will be sufficient.These dimensions may vary from 100 by 150 ft (30 by 45 m)for shorter crossings of 1000 ft (300 m) or
41、 less, to 200 by 300ft (60 by 90 m) for medium or long crossings.4.2.1.2 Water SupplyWater storage and facilities for mix-ing, storing, and pumping drilling fluid will require significantspace. Although it is standard practice to draw fresh waterfound at the location for mixing the drilling fluid, a
42、lternatewater supplies may be required to obtain proper drilling fluidcharacteristics. Hard or salty water is undesirable, althoughadditives may be used to create the proper pH value. It may benecessary to provide access for trucks to transport water or toprovide for the installation of a relatively
43、 long surface pipe orhose connecting a remote hydrant.4.2.1.3 Pipe (Bore Exit) SideAssuming the pipe to beplaced is too large a diameter to be supplied on a reel (forexample, larger than 6 in. (150 mm), sufficient space isrequired at the side opposite that of the drill rig, where the borewill exit a
44、nd the pipe be inserted, to accommodate a continuousstraight length of pre-fabricated pipe. The space for the straightlength will begin approximately 50 to 100 ft (15 to 30 m) fromthe anticipated bore exit and extend straight landward at awidth of 35 to 50 ft (10 to 15 m), depending upon the pipedia
45、meter. In the immediate vicinity of the bore exit (pipeentry), an area of typically 50 ft (15 m) width by 100 ft (30 m)length is required; for relatively large diameter pipes (largerthan 24 in. (600 mm), or in cases of difficult soil conditions, anarea of 100 ft (30 m) width by 150 ft (45 m) length
46、should beprovided.4.2.2 Hydrographic/Potamological SurveyFor crossingsignificant waterways, a survey should be conducted to accu-rately describe the bottom contours and river stability toestablish suitability for the design life of the pipeline. Typi-cally, depths should be established along the ant
47、icipatedcenter-line, and approximately 200 ft (60 m) upstream anddownstream; closer readings may be required if it is necessaryto monitor future river activity. Consideration should be givento future changes in river bank terrain. Washouts, bankmigrations, or scour can expose pipe.4.2.3 Drilling Flu
48、id DisposalThe means for disposal ofthe drilling fluid wastes must be considered. The volume ofdrilling fluid used will depend upon the soil characteristics butis typically on the order of 1 to 3 times the volume of removedsoil. Most drilling fluids use bentonite or polymer additiveswhich are not ge
49、nerally considered to be hazardous. However,local regulations should be followed regarding disposal.4.2.3.1 Drilling Fluid RecirculationOccasionally, drillingfluid recirculation is used to reduce overall material anddisposal costs. If drilling fluid recirculation is contemplated, ameans must be considered for transporting any fluid exhaustedfrom the opposite (bore exit) side, during the pullback opera-tion, to the rig side. This may be accomplished by truck, barge,or a temporary recirculation pipe line on the bottom of thewaterway (for river-crossings). The recircula
