1、Designation: F1971 12Standard Test Method forElectrical Resistance of Tires Under Load On the TestBench1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1971; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the electri-cal resistance between the wheel of a mounted and inflatedtire-wheel as
3、sembly and a flat conducting surface in loadedcontact with the tire.1.2 This test method specifies procedures and equipmentsuch that electrical resistance can be accurately determined fortires with values up to 1012V (ohms).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The val
4、ues given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of re
5、gulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-formance of Tires2.2 Other Standards:The Tire and Rim Association Inc. Yearbook (TRA), currentissue3The European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization(ETRTO), current i
6、ssue4The Japan Automobile Tire Manufacturers Association, Inc.Yearbook (JATMA), current issue5International Standard ISO 16392 Electrical ResistanceTest Methods to Measure the Electrical Resistance ofTyres on a Test Rig6Wirtschaftsverband der deutschen Kautschukindustrie e.V.(W.d.K) 110 Measurement
7、of the Electrical Resistance ofTyres3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 connection point, nany point on the wheel or metalloading plate where the resistance measuring instrumentsleads are connected. F5383.1.2 rim, nthe specially shaped circular periphery towhich a tire may be mounted with appropriat
8、e bead fitment.F5383.1.3 test load, nthe force applied to a tire through therim; it is normal to the metal loading plate onto which the tireis loaded. F5383.1.4 tire electrical resistance, nthe electrical resistancein ohms (V) measured between the wheel of a mounted andinflated tire-wheel assembly a
9、nd a metallic plate onto whichthe tire is loaded at a specified load. F5383.1.5 wheel, na rigid structure consisting of a rim con-nected to a central disk that permits rotationally centeredattachment to an axle. F5383.1.6 For additional definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminol
10、ogy F538.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The electrical resistance of an inflated tire-wheel assem-bly (see Note 1) is measured between the wheel and theconducting surface against which the tire is loaded. Thismeasurement involves the use of an appropriate resistancemeter and voltage application system
11、, as well as a special testfixture or measuring stand.NOTE 1A tire mounted on an approved wheel and inflated to aspecified pressure.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tiresand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.30 on Laboratory (Non-Vehicular) Testing.
12、Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally approvedin 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as F1971 05. DOI: 10.1520/F1971-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book o
13、f ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Tire and Rim Association, Inc., 175 Montrose West Ave.,Suite 150, Copley, OH 44321.4Available from the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization, 32/2avenue Brugmann, B-1060 Bru
14、ssels, Belgium.5Available from the Japan Automobile Tire Manufacturers Association, No. 33Mori Building, 8thFloor, 3-8-21 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan 105-0001.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland
15、.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use5.1 Occasions exist where static charges on the vehicle mustbe dissipated by way of the tires. Electrical resistance inverselymeasures the tires ability to dissi
16、pate static charge from thevehicle.6. Apparatus6.1 Resistance Measuring Instrument (ohmmeter)Resistance shall be measured by a commercial instrumentcapable of measuring electrical resistance in ohms and havinga power source capable of 1000 V. The voltage shall becontrolled as described in Table 1 an
17、d shall not dissipate morethan 3 W in the test sample. The instrument shall be capable ofdetermining the resistance up to a value of 1012V with anaccuracy of 62 %. The input impedance shall be at least 1016V.6.2 Metal Loading PlateA flat plate of dimensions suffi-cient to encompass the entire contac
18、t surface of the tire undertest and with sufficient thickness to support the test loadsdescribed in Section 8 without visible deformation. This plateshall be made of a conductive noncorrosive metal, for example,brass or stainless steel, free from any coating or obvioussurface contamination, such as
19、oxidation or corrosion. Alumi-num shall not be used for the plate because of its highsusceptibility to the rapid development of surface oxides,which may adversely affect reading accuracy.6.3 Loading ApparatusA loading fixture (Fig. 1) capableof applying the tire load, in a radial direction, against
20、the metalloading plate. Test load measurement accuracy shall be 61%.6.4 Insulating MaterialAsheet of insulating material suchas polyethylene, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), or equivalent,with sufficient strength to support the test loads described inSection 8 without visible deformation. The insula
21、ting materialshould have dimensions of at least 50 mm (2.0 in.) greater, onall sides, than the metal loading plate.6.4.1 With insulating sheet installed between the metalloading plate and the loading apparatus base (Fig. 1), theelectrical resistance between the metal loading plate and theloading app
22、aratus should be at least 1014V. In practice, theelectrical resistance of the plate relative to the loading appa-ratus must be at least two orders of magnitude higher than thetire being measured.6.5 Pressure GageA commercially available gage with anaccuracy of 63 kPa (60.5 psi).7. Conditioning7.1 Fo
23、r at least 8 h prior to measurement of passenger, lighttruck, and motorcycle tire applications (24 h for all other tires),the tire to be tested shall be kept at an ambient temperature of23 6 5C 73 6 9F, and at a relative humidity less than60 %.8. Measurement Conditions8.1 The test load applied durin
24、g the measurement is 80 65 % of the maximum load capacity of the tire as listed in theapplicable TRA, ETRTO, or JATMA standards.8.2 The inflation pressure is equal to 80 6 5 % of thepressure corresponding to the maximum load of the tire.8.3 If the tire size is not listed in the applicable TRA,ETRTO,
25、 or JATMA standards, the above percentages apply tothe loads and inflations as marked on the sidewall of the tire.8.4 Ambient temperature during the measurement shall bemaintained at 23 6 5C (73 6 9F).8.5 Relative humidity during the measurement shall bemaintained at #60 %.9. Procedure9.1 Preparatio
26、n of the Tire-Wheel Assembly:9.1.1 The approved wheel (see Note 2) (steel preferred)must be stripped clean in the bead seat area, as well as at theconnection point. As an alternative, if the electrical resistanceof the wheel is known to be two orders of magnitude lowerthan the tire to be measured, s
27、tripping is not necessary.NOTE 2A wheel whose rim meets the specifications of the Tire andRim Association (TRA) Yearbook or applicable document.9.1.2 It is necessary to make sure that the tire is dry beforetaking the measurement. Dry mount the tire if possible. Toavoid damage to tires in the case of
28、 difficult mountingconditions, a water-soluble mounting solution can be used.Anymounting solution on the sidewall or tread of the tire must becleaned and dried.9.1.3 Mark a reference point on one tire sidewall with anonconductive material. The reference point could be at aspecific tire marking such
29、as the United States Department ofTransportation “DOT” mark, the Economic Commission forEurope (ECE) “E” mark, or other selected tire marking.9.2 Setup:9.2.1 Set up the apparatus as shown in Fig. 1.9.2.2 Clean the metal loading plate with isopropyl alcoholor a similar agent and allow to dry.9.2.3 In
30、stall the tire-wheel assembly on the loading fixtureand clean the exterior of the tire with isopropyl alcohol or asimilar agent and allow to dry. Conductive or nonconductivesubstances on the tire such as mold release agents, or paints, orboth, which could affect the results, must be removed. The use
31、of organic solvents likely to attack the rubber is prohibited.9.2.4 Connect the ohmmeter leads to the metal loading plate(positive polarity) and to the wheel (negative polarity). Theplate electrode and wheel electrode for connection to the meterare shown in Fig. 2. This schematic represents the effe
32、ctivecircuit for testing. Alternatively, a connection can be made onthe loading fixture if the resistance between this point and thebead seat of the wheel is no more than 10 V.9.3 Preload Cycle:9.3.1 Load the tire-wheel assembly at the reference point tothe value specified in Section 8, hold for 1 m
33、in, and thenremove the load.9.3.2 Repeat the load-unload cycle a second time, as statedin 9.3.1. (This second preload may be omitted provided thetester can demonstrate sufficiency of a single preload based onTABLE 1 Test VoltageTire Resistance Range (V) Test Voltage (V)103to 1041104to 10510105to 106
34、100106to 10121000F1971 122measurement capabilities and supporting data.) The secondload-unload cycle provides harmonization with other stan-dards.9.4 Measurement:9.4.1 If the range of the resistance is unknown, initiallyapply 1000 V and decrease the voltage according to Table 1 asnecessary. Load the
35、 tire to the test load and immediately applythe test voltage in accordance with Table 1 (see 9.3.2 regardingsufficiency for testing following one load-unload cycle).9.4.2 Record the resistance measurement 3 min 6 10 s afterthe voltage has been applied. The voltage and load are to beapplied continuou
36、sly to the tire until after the final measure-ment is recorded.9.4.3 Unload the tire.9.4.4 Repeat the preload cycle and measurement in accor-dance with 9.3 and 9.4 for at least two additional circumfer-ential locations evenly spaced around the tire.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 The resultant ele
37、ctrical resistance of the tire is com-prised of the mean of the electrical resistance measurements ofall circumferential locations tested.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Individual electrical resistance measurements foreach circumferential location tested.11.1.2 The mean (resu
38、ltant) and standard deviation of theelectrical resistance measurements for all circumferential loca-tions tested.11.1.3 The value of the applied voltage.11.1.4 The product(s) used for cleaning the tire and theplate.11.1.5 Composition of mounting solution, if used.11.1.6 Material of the test wheel. I
39、f the wheel has not beenstripped, so indicate on the test report.11.1.7 Ambient temperature during test.11.1.8 Relative humidity during test.11.1.9 Actual test inflation pressure and load.11.1.10 Rim width/contour (for example, 512 J).11.1.11 Pertinent tire descriptions to include:11.1.11.1 Tire siz
40、e.FIG. 1 ApparatusNOTERP= Footprint Plate Insulator Resistance (specified 1014V)RT= Tire Resistance (typical measurement range 1031010V)FIG. 2 SchematicF1971 12311.1.11.2 Manufacturer.11.1.11.3 Brand name.11.1.11.4 Service description.11.1.11.5 Load range.11.1.11.6 Full (including the tire productio
41、n date) UnitedStates Department of Transportation (DOT) tire identificationnumber that follows the “DOT” marking.11.1.12 Location of the reference point, for example,“DOT,” “E,” or other marking, and on which tire sidewall, forexample, inside or outside.11.2 Reporting Units and Significant DigitsAs
42、specifiedbelow:Electrical resistance: a.aEyy Vwhere:a.aEyy = a.a times 10 to the power yy (Example5.1E06 = 5.1 3 106)Temperature = xxC,Relative humidity = xx %,Load = xxxx N,Inflation = xxx kPa, andVoltage = xxxx V.12. Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionNo precision data presently exists for thistest m
43、ethod.Aprogram to evaluate precision will be completedon or before January 2009.12.2 BiasA reference value does not exist for this testmethod since the value or level of the test property isexclusively defined by the test method. Bias, therefore, cannotbe defined.13. Keywords13.1 electrical resistan
44、ce; load; test bench; tiresASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infri
45、ngement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standar
46、d or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your view
47、s known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F1971 124
