1、Designation: F1971 12 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Test Method forElectrical Resistance of Tires Under Load On the TestBench1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1971; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the electri-cal resistance between the wheel of a mounted and inf
3、latedtire-wheel assembly and a flat conducting surface in loadedcontact with the tire.1.2 This test method specifies procedures and equipmentsuch that electrical resistance can be accurately determined fortires with values up to 1012 (ohms).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4、standard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and d
5、eter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-men
6、dations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:F538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-formance of Tires22.2 Other Standards:The Tire and Rim Association Inc. Yearbook (TRA), currentissue3The Europe
7、an Tyre and Rim Technical Organization(ETRTO), current issue4The Japan Automobile Tire Manufacturers Association, Inc.Yearbook (JATMA), current issue5International Standard ISO 16392 Electrical ResistanceTest Methods to Measure the Electrical Resistance ofTyres on a Test Rig6Wirtschaftsverband der d
8、eutschen Kautschukindustrie e.V.(W.d.K) 110 Measurement of the Electrical Resistance ofTyres3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 connection point, nany point on the wheel or metalloading plate where the resistance measuring instrumentsleads are connected. F5383.1.2 rim, nthe specially shaped circular
9、 periphery towhich a tire may be mounted with appropriate bead fitment.F5383.1.3 test load, nthe force applied to a tire through therim; it is normal to the metal loading plate onto which the tireis loaded. F5383.1.4 tire electrical resistance, nthe electrical resistance inohms () measured between t
10、he wheel of a mounted andinflated tire-wheel assembly and a metallic plate onto whichthe tire is loaded at a specified load. F5383.1.5 wheel, na rigid structure consisting of a rim con-nected to a central disk that permits rotationally centeredattachment to an axle. F5383.1.6 For additional definiti
11、ons of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology F538.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The electrical resistance of an inflated tire-wheel assem-bly (see Note 1) is measured between the wheel and the1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tiresand is the direct res
12、ponsibility of Subcommittee F09.30 on Laboratory (Non-Vehicular) Testing.Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F1971 12. DOI:10.1520/F1971-12R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.a
13、stm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Tire and Rim Association, Inc., 175 Montrose West Ave.,Suite 150, Copley, OH 44321.4Available from the
14、 European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization, 32/2avenue Brugmann, B-1060 Brussels, Belgium.5Available from the Japan Automobile Tire Manufacturers Association, No. 33Mori Building, 8thFloor, 3-8-21 Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan 105-0001.6Available from International Organization for Standardi
15、zation (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standa
16、rdization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1conducting surface against which the tire is loaded. Thismeasurement involves the use of a
17、n appropriate resistancemeter and voltage application system, as well as a special testfixture or measuring stand.NOTE 1A tire mounted on an approved wheel and inflated to aspecified pressure.5. Significance and Use5.1 Occasions exist where static charges on the vehicle mustbe dissipated by way of t
18、he tires. Electrical resistance inverselymeasures the tires ability to dissipate static charge from thevehicle.6. Apparatus6.1 Resistance Measuring Instrument (ohmmeter)Resistance shall be measured by a commercial instrumentcapable of measuring electrical resistance in ohms and havinga power source
19、capable of 1000 V. The voltage shall becontrolled as described in Table 1 and shall not dissipate morethan 3 W in the test sample. The instrument shall be capable ofdetermining the resistance up to a value of 1012 with anaccuracy of 62 %. The input impedance shall be at least 1016.6.2 Metal Loading
20、PlateA flat plate of dimensions suffi-cient to encompass the entire contact surface of the tire undertest and with sufficient thickness to support the test loadsdescribed in Section 8 without visible deformation. This plateshall be made of a conductive noncorrosive metal, for example,brass or stainl
21、ess steel, free from any coating or obvioussurface contamination, such as oxidation or corrosion. Alumi-num shall not be used for the plate because of its highsusceptibility to the rapid development of surface oxides,which may adversely affect reading accuracy.6.3 Loading ApparatusA loading fixture
22、(Fig. 1) capableof applying the tire load, in a radial direction, against the metalloading plate. Test load measurement accuracy shall be 61%.6.4 Insulating MaterialAsheet of insulating material suchas polyethylene, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), or equivalent,with sufficient strength to support th
23、e test loads described inSection 8 without visible deformation. The insulating materialshould have dimensions of at least 50 mm (2.0 in.) greater, onall sides, than the metal loading plate.6.4.1 With insulating sheet installed between the metalloading plate and the loading apparatus base (Fig. 1), t
24、heelectrical resistance between the metal loading plate and theloading apparatus should be at least 1014. In practice, theelectrical resistance of the plate relative to the loading appa-ratus must be at least two orders of magnitude higher than thetire being measured.6.5 Pressure GageA commercially
25、available gage with anaccuracy of 63 kPa (60.5 psi).7. Conditioning7.1 For at least 8 h prior to measurement of passenger, lighttruck, and motorcycle tire applications (24 h for all other tires),the tire to be tested shall be kept at an ambient temperature of23 6 5C 73 6 9F, and at a relative humidi
26、ty less than60 %.8. Measurement Conditions8.1 The test load applied during the measurement is 80 65 % of the maximum load capacity of the tire as listed in theapplicable TRA, ETRTO, or JATMA standards.8.2 The inflation pressure is equal to 80 6 5 % of thepressure corresponding to the maximum load of
27、 the tire.8.3 If the tire size is not listed in the applicable TRA,ETRTO, or JATMA standards, the above percentages apply tothe loads and inflations as marked on the sidewall of the tire.8.4 Ambient temperature during the measurement shall bemaintained at 23 6 5C (73 6 9F).8.5 Relative humidity duri
28、ng the measurement shall bemaintained at 60 %.9. Procedure9.1 Preparation of the Tire-Wheel Assembly:9.1.1 The approved wheel (see Note 2) (steel preferred)must be stripped clean in the bead seat area, as well as at theconnection point. As an alternative, if the electrical resistanceof the wheel is
29、known to be two orders of magnitude lowerthan the tire to be measured, stripping is not necessary.NOTE 2A wheel whose rim meets the specifications of the Tire andRim Association (TRA) Yearbook or applicable document.9.1.2 It is necessary to make sure that the tire is dry beforetaking the measurement
30、. Dry mount the tire if possible. Toavoid damage to tires in the case of difficult mountingconditions, a water-soluble mounting solution can be used.Anymounting solution on the sidewall or tread of the tire must becleaned and dried.9.1.3 Mark a reference point on one tire sidewall with anonconductiv
31、e material. The reference point could be at aspecific tire marking such as the United States Department ofTransportation “DOT” mark, the Economic Commission forEurope (ECE) “E” mark, or other selected tire marking.9.2 Setup:9.2.1 Set up the apparatus as shown in Fig. 1.9.2.2 Clean the metal loading
32、plate with isopropyl alcoholor a similar agent and allow to dry.9.2.3 Install the tire-wheel assembly on the loading fixtureand clean the exterior of the tire with isopropyl alcohol or asimilar agent and allow to dry. Conductive or nonconductivesubstances on the tire such as mold release agents, or
33、paints, orboth, which could affect the results, must be removed. The useof organic solvents likely to attack the rubber is prohibited.9.2.4 Connect the ohmmeter leads to the metal loading plate(positive polarity) and to the wheel (negative polarity). TheTABLE 1 Test VoltageTire Resistance Range () T
34、est Voltage (V)103to 1041104to 10510105to 106100106to 10121000F1971 12 (2018)2plate electrode and wheel electrode for connection to the meterare shown in Fig. 2. This schematic represents the effectivecircuit for testing. Alternatively, a connection can be made onthe loading fixture if the resistanc
35、e between this point and thebead seat of the wheel is no more than 10 .9.3 Preload Cycle:9.3.1 Load the tire-wheel assembly at the reference point tothe value specified in Section 8, hold for 1 min, and thenremove the load.9.3.2 Repeat the load-unload cycle a second time, as statedin 9.3.1. (This se
36、cond preload may be omitted provided thetester can demonstrate sufficiency of a single preload based onmeasurement capabilities and supporting data.) The secondload-unload cycle provides harmonization with other stan-dards.9.4 Measurement:9.4.1 If the range of the resistance is unknown, initiallyapp
37、ly 1000 V and decrease the voltage according to Table 1 asnecessary. Load the tire to the test load and immediately applythe test voltage in accordance with Table 1 (see 9.3.2 regardingsufficiency for testing following one load-unload cycle).9.4.2 Record the resistance measurement 3 min 6 10 s after
38、the voltage has been applied. The voltage and load are to beapplied continuously to the tire until after the final measure-ment is recorded.9.4.3 Unload the tire.9.4.4 Repeat the preload cycle and measurement in accor-dance with 9.3 and 9.4 for at least two additional circumfer-ential locations even
39、ly spaced around the tire.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 The resultant electrical resistance of the tire is com-prised of the mean of the electrical resistance measurements ofall circumferential locations tested.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Individual electrical resistan
40、ce measurements foreach circumferential location tested.FIG. 1 ApparatusNOTE 1RP= Footprint Plate Insulator Resistance (specified 1014)RT= Tire Resistance (typical measurement range 1031010)FIG. 2 SchematicF1971 12 (2018)311.1.2 The mean (resultant) and standard deviation of theelectrical resistance
41、 measurements for all circumferential loca-tions tested.11.1.3 The value of the applied voltage.11.1.4 The product(s) used for cleaning the tire and theplate.11.1.5 Composition of mounting solution, if used.11.1.6 Material of the test wheel. If the wheel has not beenstripped, so indicate on the test
42、 report.11.1.7 Ambient temperature during test.11.1.8 Relative humidity during test.11.1.9 Actual test inflation pressure and load.11.1.10 Rim width/contour (for example, 512 J).11.1.11 Pertinent tire descriptions to include:11.1.11.1 Tire size.11.1.11.2 Manufacturer.11.1.11.3 Brand name.11.1.11.4 S
43、ervice description.11.1.11.5 Load range.11.1.11.6 Full (including the tire production date) UnitedStates Department of Transportation (DOT) tire identificationnumber that follows the “DOT” marking.11.1.12 Location of the reference point, for example,“DOT,” “E,” or other marking, and on which tire si
44、dewall, forexample, inside or outside.11.2 Reporting Units and Significant DigitsAs specifiedbelow:Electrical resistance: a.aEyy where:a.aEyy = a.a times 10 to the power yy (Example5.1E06 = 5.1 106)Temperature = xxC,Relative humidity = xx %,Load = xxxx N,Inflation = xxx kPa, andVoltage = xxxx V.12.
45、Precision and Bias12.1 PrecisionNo precision data presently exists for thistest method.Aprogram to evaluate precision will be completedon or before January 2009.12.2 BiasA reference value does not exist for this testmethod since the value or level of the test property isexclusively defined by the te
46、st method. Bias, therefore, cannotbe defined.13. Keywords13.1 electrical resistance; load; test bench; tiresASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised t
47、hat determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapp
48、roved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you
49、feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission right
