1、Designation: F 1990 07Standard Guide forIn-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil: Ignition Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1990; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide relates to the use of in-situ burning of spilledoil. The focus of the guide is in-situ burning of oil on water, butthe ignition
3、techniques and devices described in the guide aregenerally applicable to in-situ burning of oil spilled on land aswell.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide information thatwill enable oil-spill responders to select the appropriate tech-niques and devices to successfully ignite oil spilled on
4、water.1.3 This guide is one of four related to in-situ burning of oilspills. Guide F 1788 addresses environmental and operationalconsiderations. Guide F 2152 addresses fire-resistant booms,and Guide F 2230 addresses burning in ice conditions.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesa
5、fety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. In particu-lar, the storage, transport, and use of ignition devices may
6、 besubject to regulations that will vary according to the jurisdic-tion. While guidance of a general nature is provided herein,users of this guide should determine regulations that apply totheir situation.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Clevela
7、ndOpen Cup TesterD 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel OilsF 1788 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water:Environmental and Operational ConsiderationsF 2152 Guide for In-Situ Burning of Spilled Oil: Fire-Resistant BoomF 2230 Guide for In-situ Burning of Oil Spills on Water: IceConditions3. Te
8、rminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 fire pointthe lowest temperature at which a speci-men will sustain burning for 5 s. (Test Method D92)3.1.2 flash pointthe lowest temperature corrected to abarometric pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg), at whichapplication of a test flame causes the vapor of a specimen t
9、oignite under specified conditions of test. (Test Method D92)4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide describes the requirements for igniting oil forthe purpose of in-situ burning. It is intended to aid decision-makers and spill-responders in contingency planning, spillresponse, and training, and to ai
10、d manufacturers in developingeffective ignition devices.4.2 This guide describes criteria for the design and selectionof ignition devices for in-situ burning applications.4.3 This guide is not intended as a detailed operationalmanual for the ignition and burning of spilled oil.5. Overview of the Req
11、uirements for Igniting Spilled Oilon Water5.1 The focus of this section is on the in-situ combustion ofmarine oil spills.5.2 Successful ignition of oil on water requires two compo-nents: heating the oil such that sufficient vapors are produced tosupport continuous combustion, and then, providing an
12、igni-tion source to start burning. The temperature at which the oilproduces vapors at a sufficient rate to ignite is called the flashpoint. At a temperature above the flash point, known as the firepoint, the oil will produce vapors at a rate sufficient to supportcontinuous combustion.5.3 For light r
13、efined products, such as gasoline and someunweathered crude oils, the fire point may be in the range ofambient temperatures, in which case, little if any, preheatingwould be required to enable ignition. For other oil products,and particularly those that have weathered or emulsified, orboth, the fire
14、 point will be much greater than ambient tempera-tures, and substantial preheating will be required.5.4 The energy required to raise the temperature of thesurface of an oil slick to its fire point depends on the slickthickness. While the oil is being heated by an igniter, heat isbeing conducted and
15、convected to the underlying water. If theslick is sufficiently thick to insulate against these heat losses1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.15 on In-Situ Burning.Current editio
16、n approved April 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 1990 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio
17、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and allow the surface layer of oil to heat to its fire point, the oilwill start to burn in the vicinity of the igniter
18、. The minimumignitable thickness for most oils is about 2 to 3 mm (see GuideF 1788).5.5 Aside from oil type, other factors that can affect theignitability of oil on water include the wind speed and theemulsification of the oil. Secondary factors include ambienttemperature and waves. The effect of th
19、ese factors can besummarized as follows:5.5.1 The maximum wind speed for successful ignition forlarge burns has been estimated to be approximately 10 m/s (20knots) (1, 2)3.5.5.2 For more rapid flame spreading, slicks should beignited at the upwind edge.5.5.3 Weathered oils require a longer ignition
20、time.5.5.4 The effect of water content is similar to that ofweathering, more ignition time being required to ignite a slickof emulsion. Once an emulsified slick is ignited, heat from thefire may break the emulsion and overcome this problem.Emulsion-breaking chemicals can be used to aid in initialign
21、ition attempts.5.5.5 Emulsions are difficult, if not impossible, to ignitewithout the use of emulsion-breaking chemicals.6. Overview of Available Ignition Devices6.1 Simple Ignition Techniques:6.1.1 Propane or butane torches, or weed burners, and ragsor sorbent pads soaked in fuel have been used to
22、ignite oil onwater. Propane torches tend to blow thin oil slicks away fromthe flames and are most applicable to thick contained slicks.Diesel is more effective than gasoline as a fuel to soak sorbentsor rags because it burns more slowly, and hence, supplies morepreheating to the oil.6.1.2 Another ef
23、fective surface-based igniter is gelled fuel.Gelling agents can be used with gasoline, diesel, or crude oil toproduce a gelled mixture that is ignited and placed in an oilslick.6.2 Hand-Held IgnitersA variety of igniters have beendeveloped for use as devices to be handthrown, either fromground level
24、 or from helicopters. These igniters have used avariety of fuels, including solid propellants, gelled kerosenecubes, reactive chemical compounds, and combinations ofthese. Burn temperatures for these devices range from 700 to2500C, and burn times range from 30 s to 10 min. Mosthand-held igniters hav
25、e delay fuses that provide sufficient timeto throw the igniter and allow it and the slick to stabilize priorto ignition.6.3 Helicopter-Slung Ignition SystemsThese systemshave been adapted from devices used for burning forest slashand for setting backfires during forest-fire control operations.These
26、devices emit a stream of gelled fuel, generally gasolineor a mixture of gasoline, diesel, or crude oil, or a combinationthereof. As the gelled fuel leaves the device, it is lighted by anelectrically-ignited propane jet. The burning gelled fuel falls asa stream that breaks into individual globules be
27、fore hitting theslick. The burning globules produce an 800C flame for up to6 min. Tank capacities for the gelled fuel mixture range from110 to 1100 L (30 to 300 gal).7. Ignition Device Test7.1 The following is intended as a simple test to evaluate theability of an ignition device to ignite a thick s
28、lick of weatheredoil. The ignition test does not consider operability factors, suchas safe operation of the device, accuracy of deployment, andreliability of ignition components.7.2 The test parameters are intended to reflect minimumconditions for acceptable performance. More stringent condi-tions,
29、such as higher wind speed or the use of weathered oremulsified oils, may be considered for some ignition devices.7.3 Test ApparatusThe ignition test is carried out in anapproximately square test container. The test container musthave a surface area that is the greater of ten times the areacovered by
30、 the ignition device, or 1 m2.Atypical test containerwould be a steel pan of the required dimensions. To minimizewind-shielding by the walls of the container, the fluid levelmust be within 25 mm of the top of the test container.7.4 Test SlickThe ignition test is carried out on a layer ofoil with a m
31、aximum thickness of 10 mm and with a minimumunderlying water depth of 200 mm. The oil for the ignition testis Diesel Fuel Grade No. 2, which has a minimum flash pointof 60C (see Specification D 975).7.5 Test ConditionsAt the start of the ignition test, the oiland water temperature must be no higher
32、than 10C. Through-out the test, the wind speed must be 5 m/s (10 knots) or greater.7.6 Initial Ignition TestsThe test is initiated by activatingthe ignition device and deploying it into the test slick. It isrecommended that initial tests be conducted by simply placingthe ignition device on the test
33、slick. The ignition test would beconsidered successful when flame is observed independent ofthe igniter, with flame covering the majority of the area of thetest container.7.7 Tests for Air-Deployed Ignition DevicesFor ignitersintended for deployment from helicopters, additional testsshould be carrie
34、d out to simulate air-deployment. These testsneed not include ignition of oil but should include deploymentof the device from a height of 10 m (minimum, measured fromthe device to the ground) to confirm that the device functionsas intended during deployment. Tests should include deploy-ment and oper
35、ation of the device from a helicopter to ensurethat the device can function in the presence of the helicoptersdownwash.7.8 Test RecordThe test record must include the time forsuccessful ignition, the actual container dimensions, the initialoil layer thickness, the underlying water depth, the air and
36、water temperature at the start of the test, the wind speed, andany general observations of igniter performance.7.9 Optional Additional TestsIn addition to the perfor-mance tests listed, consideration should be given to additionaltesting to address the following items depending on theintended applica
37、tion of the device:7.9.1 The estimated accuracy of deployment of the ignitiondevice on a target oil slick,7.9.2 The resistance to damage of the device during deploy-ment,3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.F19900727.9.3 The performance in s
38、hallow pools (less than 100 mmdeep) on solid ice,7.9.4 The dependence on orientation of the igniter forproper performance,7.9.5 Splash effects during impact with oil and water,7.9.6 Effect on performance of temporary submergence ofthe igniter upon impact, and7.9.7 Sensitivity to wind, rain, and sea
39、state during ignition.8. Operability8.1 Operating InstructionsOperating instructions shall besupplied with the device and should include a description of thefollowing items where applicable: safe operating procedures;required preparations of the igniter, or application system, orboth, from storage t
40、o field use; type and amount of debris afteruse; training requirements; disposal requirements for spentigniters; and, retrieval and handling requirements for ignitersthat have misfired.8.2 Licensing for Transport and UseThe ignition devicemust be approved for transport via cargo aircraft.Approvals,
41、orpilot certifications, or both, may be required for devicesintended for operation and deployment by helicopter. Usersshould note that pyrotechnic materials are not commonlytransported by air and that such shipments often are rejected atthe point of loading at the prerogative of the carrier despite
42、anylicensing or approvals.8.3 Stability During FlightFor helicopter-slung devices,provision shall be made for stabilizing the device when carriedby a swivel-hook helicopter. Any such stabilizing apparatusshall not impair the ability to jettison the device in the event ofan emergency (see 9.3).8.4 Te
43、mperature RangeThe ignition device should func-tion over an ambient temperature range of 10 to 30C.8.5 Wind ConditionsThe ignition device should function,including deployment and operation from a helicopter, in windconditions up to 10 m/s (20 knots).9. Safety9.1 Unintended ActivationThe device shoul
44、d include pro-tection against accidental activation.9.2 Delay Upon ActivationFor hand-held ignition de-vices, upon activation of the igniter, there should be a mini-mum delay of 20 s between the time the device is activated andit begins firing. It should be noted that excessive delay timesmay be tro
45、ublesome in allowing the igniter to drift away fromthe target slick.9.3 Jettisoning of EquipmentFor helicopter-slung devices,provision shall be made for jettisoning of the device, includingrapid disconnect of any power or control couplings.9.4 OperationSome ignition devices require an openflame or s
46、park for activation, that may not be desirable or safein certain applications, for example, for hand-held devices tobe deployed from helicopters.10. Storage10.1 Shipping and Storage RegulationsThe manufacturerof the device should specify shipping, handling, and storageinstructions, and should note a
47、ny limits on extreme tempera-tures, or humidity during storage, or both.10.2 Resistance to DegradationThe device should func-tion after exposure to temperature and humidity extremes andvibration that may be experienced during storage and shipping.10.3 Shelf-LifeThe device should have a minimum shelf
48、-life of five years.10.4 MaintenanceOperating instructions should specifyany routine maintenance requirements, and should note com-ponents of the igniter that are subject to degradation, theirexpected shelf-life, and the procedure for refurbishment orreplacement of parts following the normal shelf-l
49、ife.11. Keywords11.1 ignition; in-situ burning; oil-spill burning; oil-spilldisposalAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. BRIEF HISTORY OF IGNITER DEVELOPMENTX1.1 ThisAppendix is intended to provide a brief historicalreview of the uses of ignition devices for the in-situ burning ofspilled oil. It is not intended to be comprehensive but simplyattempts to show examples of what has and has not worked inpast oil spill responses and experiments.X1.1.1 Many different ignition devices have been used overthe years to ignite or attempt to ignite marine oil spills
