1、Designation: F 2075 04e1An American National StandardStandard Specification forEngineered Wood Fiber for Use as a Playground SafetySurface Under and Around Playground Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2075; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEMercury caveat was added editorially (1.7) in July 2007.I
3、NTRODUCTIONThe need for a systematic means of evaluating engineered wood fiber for use as a playground safetysurface from the standpoint of particle size, consistency, purity, and ability to drain, has become agrowing concern of the designers, operators, and manufacturers of engineered wood fiber sy
4、stems.There has been no qualitative method to assess these parameters of engineered wood fiber (that is,particle size, consistency, purity, and ability to drain) to ensure its quality. Therefore, the goal of thisspecification is to establish a uniform means to measure the characteristics of engineer
5、ed wood fiberin order to provide the potential buyer with performance specifications to select an engineered woodfiber suitable to meet the needs of playground designers, operators and manufacturers.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes minimum characteristicsfor those factors that determine pa
6、rticle size, consistency,purity, and ability to drain.1.2 Engineered wood fiber that meets the requirements ofthis specification must comply with Specification F 1292,ifthesurface is in the use zone as defined in Specification F 1487.1.3 A sample of wood fiber that meets the requirements ofthis spec
7、ification may be designated engineered wood fiber andbe suitable for playground safety surfacing.1.4 This specification does not imply that an injury cannotbe incurred if the engineered wood fiber complies with thisspecification.1.5 To meet the requirements of this specification, thematerial shall p
8、erform as follows:1.5.1 The material shall meet particle size requirements.1.5.2 The material shall meet the requirement for metalparticles.1.5.3 The material shall meet the allowable heavy metalconcentrations considered hazardous to children.1.5.4 The material shall meet the requirements of Specifi
9、-cation F 1292.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values in parentheses are mathematicalconversions. SI units, which are provided for information, arenot considered the standard except in 8.51.7 WarningMercury has been designated by EPA andmany state agencie
10、s as a hazardous material that can causecentral nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, orits vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive tomaterials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury andmercury-containing products. See the applicable product Ma-terial Safety Data Sheet (
11、MSDS) for details and EPAs website(http:/www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional informa-tion. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited bystate law.1.8 The following precautionary statement pertains to thetest method port
12、ions only, in 7.4, 8.4, and 9.4 of this specifi-cation: This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
13、 regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and CoarseAggregatesD 1193 Specification for Reagent Water1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment and Facilities and is the dire
14、ct responsibility of Subcommittee F08.63 onPlayground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 2075 01a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cu
15、stomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 2217 Practice for Wet Preparati
16、on of Soil Samples forParticle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con-stantsE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesF 963 Consumer Safety Specification for Toy SafetyF 1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of SurfaceSystems Under and Around Playground EquipmentF 1487
17、Consumer Safety Performance Specification forPlayground Equipment for Public Use2.2 Other Standards and Methods:Method 6010B Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emis-sion Spectrometry (for the determination of heavy metalconcentrations) as found in the Solid Waste ManualSW8463Method 7470AMercury in Li
18、quid Waste (manual cold-vaportechnique) as found in the Solid Waste ManualSW84644Handbook for Public Playground Safety U. S. ConsumerProduct Safety Commission Publication No. 32553. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 around playground equipment, nthe area under andsu
19、rrounding playground equipment established as protectionfrom falls from equipment.3.1.2 engineered wood fiber, nprocessed wood that isground to a fibrous consistency, randomly sized, approximatelyten times longer than wide with a maximum length of 2 in., freeof hazardous substances, and meets the cr
20、iteria of this speci-fication.3.1.3 hand manipulation, naligning the engineered woodfiber particles by hand so that the smallest dimensions confrontthe face of the sieve screen and placing them through thescreen without the use of force.3.1.4 loose fill system, na surface system consisting ofsmall i
21、ndependent, movable components; that is, engineeredwood fiber, sand, gravel, wood chips, etc.3.1.5 normal use, nplay modes that conform to theinstruction accompanying the playground surface that havebeen established by tradition, custom, or that are evident froman examination of the playground.3.2 D
22、efinitions of Terms Specific to Playground Equipment:3.2.1 head injury criteria (HIC), na measure of impactseverity that considers the duration over which the most criticalsection of the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peaklevel of that deceleration.3.2.2 impact attenuation, nthe ability
23、of a surface systemto reduce and dissipate the energy of an impacting body.4. General Requirements4.1 Playground surfaces represented as complying with thisspecification shall meet all applicable requirements specifiedherein. Anyone representing compliance with this specificationshall keep such reco
24、rds as are necessary to document any claimthat the requirements within this specification have been met.4.2 For the surface within the fall zone of the surroundingplayground equipment, the surface must meet U.S. ConsumerProduct Safety Commission guidelines minimum requirementsat its critical height
25、when tested in accordance with Specifica-tion F 1292.4.3 Certification compliance to this specification shall beconducted by an independent accredited testing laboratory.4.4 Performance Requirements for Sieve Analysis:4.4.1 When engineered wood fiber is tested in accordancewith 7.4 of this specifica
26、tion, it shall meet the following criteriato be considered acceptable engineered wood fiber.4.4.2 The minimum and maximum percent (%) by weightpassing through the three sieves shall be as follows:Sieve Size Minimum % Maximum %34 inch 99 % 100 %38 inch 75 % 100 %No. 16 0 % 15 %4.5 Performance Require
27、ments for Hazardous Metals:4.5.1 The maximum heavy metal concentration of solublemigrated elements after being corrected for statistical error isshown in Table 1.4.5.2 The following criteria must be met to be consideredacceptable engineered wood fiber:Maximum Soluble Migrated Element in ppm (mg/L)En
28、gineered Wood Fiber(Information in this table taken from Specification F 963)Antimony(Sb)Arsenic(As)Barium(Ba)Cadmium(Cd)Chromium(Cr)Lead(Pb)Mercury(Hg)Selenium(Se)60 25 1000 75 60 90 60 5004.6 Performance Requirement for Tramp Metal:4.6.1 When wood fiber is tested in accordance with 9.4 and9.5, the
29、 total number of metal particles with a dimension of12in. (1.27 cm) or greater shall not exceed 0 per 50 yd3(38.23m3) pile sampled to be considered acceptable engineered woodfiber.5. Summary of Methods5.1 Samples of representative wood fiber are tested inaccordance with: Test Method C 136 and Specif
30、ication F 963,modified for this specification.5.1.1 Test Method C 136 provides a test method for deter-mination of particle size distribution by passing a sample of dryengineered wood fiber of known mass through a series ofsieves of progressively smaller openings.5.1.2 Specification F 963, hazardous
31、 soluble elements areextracted from engineered wood fiber under conditions thatsimulate the situation in which the engineered wood fiber stays4 h in the alimentary tract after swallowing. The content of thesoluble elements in the extract is determined for antimony(Sb), arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cad
32、mium (Cd), chromium(Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and selenium (Se).5.1.2.1 Method 7470A Mercury in Liquid Waste (manualcold vapor technique) as found in the Solid Waste Manual3Available from The American Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth St.,NW, Washington, D.C. 20005.4SW 846 is found in th
33、e manual of “Standard Methods for the Examination ofWater and Waste Water,” 18th Edition 1992, prepared and published by TheAmerican Public Health Association, 1015 Fifteenth St., NW, Washington, D.C.20005.5Available from U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, 4330 East-WestHighway, Bethesda, Mary
34、land 20814-4408F207504e12SW846 is used to determine the levels of mercury in theengineered wood fiber.5.1.2.2 Method 6010B Inductively Coupled Plasma-AtomicEmission Spectrometry (for the determination of heavy metalconcentrations) as found in the Solid Waste Manual SW846will determine the levels of
35、hazardous heavy metals.5.1.3 Two methods are used to determine the presence oftramp metal in engineered wood fiber playground surfacing;one is using a powerful rare earth magnet on the end of a probespecifically written for this specification; the other is a visualinspection.6. Sampling6.1 The follo
36、wing procedure will be used to collect thegross wood fiber sample. The sieve test sample and thehazardous substance (heavy metal) sample will be taken fromthe gross engineered wood fiber sample. The entire gross woodfiber sample will be tested for tramp metal.6.1.1 The gross sample of engineered woo
37、d fiber shallrepresent a stockpile of 50 yd3(38 m3) or greater.6.1.2 Eight 1-gal (3.8-L) samples shall be taken. They shallbe taken from four different quadrants of the stockpile 2 to 4 ftabove the base and four different quadrants 4 to 6 ft above thebase. Dig 1 to 2 ft into pile at each sample poin
38、t. Combine andthoroughly mix the 8-gal (15.1-L) sample to achieve a homo-geneous blend.6.1.3 The thoroughly mixed 8-gal (15.1-L) sample will beknown as the gross 8-gal (15.1-L) sample.7. Sieve Test Analysis Method7.1 Significance and Use:7.1.1 Sieve AnalysisThis test method is used to determinegradi
39、ng of engineered wood fiber-type material for proposeduse as an engineered wood fiber playground safety surface. Theresults are used to determine compliance of the particle sizedistribution with applicable specification requirements and toprovide necessary data that will indicate sufficient porosity
40、 fordrainage, and larger particle size to limit compaction andmaintain resilience and limit oversize pieces that could causeinjury.7.2 Test Apparatus:7.2.1 BalancesBalances or scales used in testing fine andcoarse aggregate shall be readable and accurate to 0.5 g or0.1 % of the test load, whichever
41、is greater, at any point withinthe range of use.7.2.2 SievesThe sieve cloth shall be mounted on substan-tial frames constructed in a manner that will prevent loss ofmaterial during sieving. The sieve cloth and standard sieveframes shall conform to the requirements of Specification E11.Nonstandard si
42、eve frames shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification E11as applicable.7.2.2.1 Sieve sizes required:34 in. (19.05 mm),38 in. (9.53mm) and No. 16, 0.0469 in. (1.19 mm), mounted on standardframe 8 in. (203.20 mm) diameter 2 in. (50.8 mm) height.7.2.3 Sieve ShakerA mechanical sieving device, if
43、used,shall create motion of the sieves to cause the particles tobounce, tumble, or otherwise turn so as to present differentorientations to the sieving surface. The sieving action shall besuch that the criterion for adequacy of sieving described in thistest procedure is met in a reasonable time peri
44、od.7.2.4 OvenAn oven of appropriate size capable of main-taining a uniform temperature 60 6 5C (140 6 9F).7.3 Sample Test Preparation:7.3.1 From the gross 8-gal (15.1-L) sample of engineeredwood fiber, measure a 1-gal (3.8-L) sample for drying.7.3.2 Dry the sieve test sample of wood fiber in accorda
45、ncewith the following method. (A constant moisture level isnecessary to prevent weight changes due to changing moisturelevels in the sample).7.3.3 The wood fiber sample was reduced in overall size tofacilitate testing using a standard 2-in.-deep 8-in.-diametersieve. Because of the light weight of wo
46、od fiber, the oven driedsample weight of individual samples to be tested should notgenerally exceed 0.40 lbs (181 g). Sieve screens, sieve frames,and wire cloth should conform to the requirements of Specifi-cation E11. Samples should be oven dried to a constant weightin general accordance with Pract
47、ice D 2217 for oven drying ofsamples following reduction of the mass (oven temperature of140F and accuracy to 69F (60 6 5C).7.4 Test Preparation for Sieve Analysis:7.4.1 Because of the irregular shapes of the wood particles,hand manipulation of the sample through the sieve screens maybe necessary.7.
48、4.2 Nest the three sieves (34 in. (19.05 mm),38 in. (9.53mm), and No. 16, 0.0469 in. (1.19 mm) in order of decreasingsize of opening from top to bottom and place the sample on thetop sieve.7.4.3 Agitate the sieves by hand or by mechanical apparatusfor a sufficient period, established by trial or che
49、cked bymeasurement on the actual test sample, to meet the criterion foradequacy of sieving described in 7.4.5.3.7.4.4 Limit the quantity of material on a given sieve so thatall particles have the opportunity to reach sieve openings anumber of times during the sieving operation.7.4.5 Prevent an overload of material on an individual sieveby one of the following methods:7.4.5.1 Insert an additional sieve with opening size interme-diate between the sieve that may be overloaded and the sieveimmediately above that sieve in the original set of sieves.7.4.5.2 S
