1、Designation: F 412 06An American National StandardStandard Terminology Relating toPlastic Piping Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This terminology is a compilation of defini
3、tions oftechnical terms used in the plastic piping industry. Terms thatare generally understood or adequately defined in other readilyavailable sources are not included.1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for whichCommittee F17 is responsible it is included only when judged,after review, by
4、Subcommittee F17.91 to be a generally usableterm.1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published by otherASTM committees or other standards organizations are iden-tified with the committee number (for example, D20) or withthe abbreviation of the name of the organization (for example,IUPAC Inte
5、rnational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry).1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-mation included in notes.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementD 256 Test Methods for Determining the Izod PendulumImpact Resistan
6、ce of PlasticsD 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD 648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of PlasticsUnder Flexural Load in the Edgewise PositionD 747 Test Method for Apparent Bending Modulus ofPlastics by Means of a Cantilever BeamD 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of U
7、nreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating MaterialsD 882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin PlasticSheetingD 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD 1238 Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplasticsby Extrusion PlastometerD 1505 Te
8、st Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient TechniqueD 2444 Test Method for Determination of the Impact Re-sistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of aTup (Falling Weight)D 2837 Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic DesignBasis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials or Pressure
9、DesignBasis for Thermoplastic Pipe ProductsD 3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe andFittings Materials2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3 Preferred NumbersISO 497 Preferred NumbersISO R 161 Pipes of Plastics Materials for the Transport ofFluids (Outside Diameters and Nominal Pressures) Part I,Met
10、ric SeriesISO TR 9080 Thermolplastics Pipes for the Transport ofFluids-Methods of Extrapolation of Hydrostatic StressRupture Data to Determine the Long-Term HydrostaticStrength of Thermoplastic Pipe Materials2.3 ANSI Standard:3Z17.1 ANSI Preferred Numbers2.4 PPI Standard:4PPI TR-43. Terminologyaccep
11、tance testingtesting performed on a product to deter-mine whether or not an individual lot of the productconforms with specified requirements.DISCUSSIONThe number of requirements are usually fewer than forqualification testing (see definition).acetal plastics, nhighly crystalline linear thermoplasti
12、c ho-mopolymers or copolymers characterized by repeatingoxymethylene units.acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) pipe and fitting1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on PlasticPiping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.91 on Editorialand Terminol
13、ogy.Current edition approved March 1, 2006. Published March 2006. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 412 01ae1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandar
14、ds volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from the Plastic Pipe Institute, 1825 ConnecticutAve., NW Suite 680Washington, DC 200091Copyrig
15、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.plasticsplastics containing polymers or blends of poly-mers, or both, in which the minimum butadiene content is6%, the minimum acrylonitrile content is 15 %, the mini-mum styrene or substituted
16、 styrene content, or both, is 15 %,and the maximum content of all other monomers is not morethan 5 %; plus lubricants, stabilizers, and colorants.adhesivea substance capable of holding materials togetherby surface attachment.adhesive bonded jointsee joint, adhesive bonded.adhesive, solventsee solven
17、t cement.adiabatic extrusiona method of extrusion in which the solesource of heat is the conversion of the drive energy, throughviscous resistance of the plastic mass in the extruder. (D20)aging, n(1) the effect on materials of exposure to anenvironment for an interval of time.(2) the process of exp
18、osing materials to an environmentfor an interval of time. (D20)alloy, nin plastics, two or more immiscible polymers united,usually by another component, to form a plastic vein havingenhanced properties. (D20)antioxidantcompounding ingredient used to retard deterio-ration caused by oxidation. (D-11)a
19、pparent densitythe weight per unit volume of a materialincluding voids inherent in the material as tested.DISCUSSIONThe term bulk density is commonly used for materialsuch as molding powder. (D20)approving authoritythe individual official, board, depart-ment, or agency established and authorized by
20、a state,county, city, or other political subdivision, created by law toadminister and enforce specified requirements.artificial weatheringexposure to laboratory conditions,which may be cyclic, involving temperature, relative humid-ity, radiant energy, or any other conditions or pollutantsfound in th
21、e atmosphere in various geographical areas; orboth.DISCUSSIONThe interlaboratory exposure conditions are usuallyintensified beyond those encountered in actual outdoor exposure in anattempt to achieve an accelerated effect.backfillall material used to fill the trench from bedding tofinished surface.b
22、ackfill, finalmaterial used to fill the trench from initialbackfill to finished surface.backfill, initialmaterial used to fill the trench from top ofbedding to a designated height over the pipe.backfill, unconsolidatednoncompacted material in place intrench.beam loadingthe application of a load to a
23、 pipe between twopoints of support, usually expressed in newtons (or pounds-force) and the distance between the centers of the supports.bedding, nmaterials that provide support for buried pipe.bedding, vplacement of support materials for buried pipe.bell-and-spigot jointsee joint, bell-and-spigot ga
24、sket.bell endthe enlarged portion of a pipe that resembles thesocket portion of a fitting and that is intended to be used tomake a joint.benda fitting either molded separately or formed from pipefor the purpose of accommodating a directional change.DISCUSSIONAlso called ell, elbow,orsweep. Bends gen
25、erally implyfittings of relatively shorter radii than sweeps.beveled pipea pipe with an end chamfered to mate or adjustto another surface or to assist in assembly.binderin a reinforced plastic, the continuous phase thatholds together the reinforcement.DISCUSSIONDuring fabrication, the binder, which
26、may be eitherthermoplastic or thermoset, usually undergoes a change in state. (D20)blindingplacing selected material to completely cover thepipe or tubing.blister, nrounded elevation of the surface of a plastic, withboundaries that may be more or less sharply defined,somewhat resembling in shape a b
27、lister on the human skin.(D20)bloom, na visible exudation or efflorescence on the surfaceof a material. (D20)blow moldinga method of fabrication in which a parison(hollow tube) is forced into the shape of the mold cavity byinternal gas pressure. (D20)blowing agenta compounding ingredient used to pro
28、ducegas by chemical or thermal action, or both, in manufacture ofhollow or cellular articles. (D20).brittle failurea pipe failure mode which exhibits no visible(to the naked eye) material deformation (stretching, elonga-tion, or necking down) in the area of the break.building drainthat part of the l
29、owest horizontal piping of adrainage system that receives the discharge from soil, waste,and other drainage pipes inside the walls of the building andconveys it to the building sewer beyond the foundation wallsof the building or structure.DISCUSSIONThe building sewer generally begins 2 to 5 ft beyon
30、dthe foundation walls.building drain (sanitary)a building drain that conveys graywater or sewage, or both.building drain (storm)a building drain that conveys stormwater only.building sanitary sewerthat part of the horizontal piping ofa sanitary drainage system which extends from the buildingsanitary
31、 drain, receives the discharge of the building sanitarydrain, and conveys it to a public sewer, private sewer,individual sewage disposal system, or other point of dis-posal.building storm sewerthat part of the horizontal piping of astorm drainage system which extends from the buildingstorm drain, re
32、ceives the discharge of the building stormdrain, and conveys it to a public storm sewer, private stormsewer, or other point of disposal.building supplySee water service.bulk factor, nthe ratio of the volume of a given mass ofmolding material to its volume in the molded form.DISCUSSIONThe bulk factor
33、 is also equal to the ratio of the densityof the material to its apparent density in the unmolded form. (D20, ISO)burst strengththe internal pressure required to cause a pipeor fitting to fail.DISCUSSIONThis pressure will vary with the rate of buildup of thepressure and the time during which the pre
34、ssure is held.F412062butt-fused jointsee joint, butt-fused.butylene plasticsplastics based on resins made by thepolymerization of butene or copolymerization of butene withone or more unsaturated compounds, the butene being ingreatest amount by weight. (D20)cell, na small partially or completely encl
35、osed cavity. (D20)cell, closeda cell totally enclosed by its walls and hence notinterconnecting with other cells. (ISO, D20)(See also celland cell, open.)cell, opena cell not totally enclosed by its walls and henceinterconnecting with other cells. (D20) (See also cell andcell, closed.)cellular plast
36、ica plastic containing numerous cells, inten-tionally introduced, interconnecting or not, distributedthroughout the mass. (D20)cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) plasticsplastic made bycompounding a cellulose acetate butyrate ester with plasti-cizers and other ingredients. Cellulose acetate butyrate e
37、steris a derivative of cellulose (obtained from cotton or woolpulp, or both) made by converting some of the hydroxylgroups in cellulose to acetate and butyrate groups withchemicals.central vacuum tubing, nplastic tubing used for residentalcentral vacuum systems in which outside diameter is con-troll
38、ed and where the wall thickness is usually small whencompared to the diameter.chalking, nin plastics, a powdery residue on the surface ofa material resulting from degradation or migration of aningredient, or both. (D20)DISCUSSIONChalking may be a designed-in characteristic.chemical cleanersee cleane
39、r, chemical.chemical resistancethe ability to resist chemical attack.DISCUSSIONThe attack is dependent on the method of test and itsseverity is measured by determining the changes in physical properties.Time, temperature, stress, and reagent may all be factors that affect thechemical resistance of a
40、 material.chemically formed polymeric materiala cellular materialin which the cells are formed by gases generated fromthermal decomposition or other chemical reaction. (D20)chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) plasticsplastics based onchlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) in which the chlorinatedpoly(vinyl c
41、hloride) is in the greatest amount by weight.(D20)chlorofluorocarbon plasticsplastics based on polymersmade with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorine, andcarbon only. (ISO, D20)chlorofluorohydrocarbon plastics, nplastics based on poly-mers made with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorine,hydroge
42、n, and carbon only. (ISO, D20)cleaner, chemicalan organic solvent used to remove foreignmatter from the surface of plastic pipe and fittings.DISCUSSIONCleaners have essentially no effect on the plasticsurface being cleaned and may be used prior to joining with a solventcement or adhesive.cleaner, me
43、chanicalan abrasive material or device used toremove foreign matter and gloss from the surface of plasticpipe and fittings.DISCUSSIONMechanical cleaners may be used prior to joining witha solvent cement or adhesive.closed-cell cellular plasticscellular plastics in which almostall the cells are nonin
44、terconnecting. (D20)closed-cell foamed plasticsSee closed-cell cellular plastics.code(1) a system of symbols, letters or numbers, used toconvey a message requiring brevity; (2) a set of rulesestablished by a legal or quasi-legal body.code, classificationa code that identifies a plastic materialby it
45、s properties in accordance with the pertinent ASTMspecification.code, manufacturersa code that provides manufacturingidentity for a piping product.code, thermoplastic pipe materials designation letters andciphers for the designation of stress-rated thermoplasticcompound, which consists of two or thr
46、ee letters to indicatethe abbreviation as listed in Terminology D 1600, for thetype of thermoplastic resinfollowed by four Arabicnumeralstwo to describe the short-term properties, inaccordance with the ASTM standard being referenced, andtwo to designate the hydrostatic design stress when tested inwa
47、ter at 73F (23C) in units of 100 psi, with any decimalfigures dropped.DISCUSSIONIn some ASTM standards, the short-term propertieswith more than two numbers have a table provided to convert to twonumbers to be used in the code.DISCUSSIONWhen the hydrostatic design stress code is less than twonumbers,
48、 a zero is inserted before the number.DISCUSSIONFor polyethylene compound, the short-term propertiesare described using two Arabic numerals in accordance with Specifi-cation D 3350, specifically, the cell classification number value fordensity followed by the cell classification number value for slo
49、w crackgrowth resistance.coextrusiona process whereby two or more heated orunheated plastic material streams forced through one ormore shaping orifice(s) become one continuously formedpiece.cold flowSee creep.cold moldinga special process of compression molding inwhich the molding is formed at room temperature andsubsequently baked at elevated temperatures. (D20)collapse, n(1) inadvertent densification of cellular materialduring manufacture resulting from breakdown of cell struc-ture; (2) the bucklin
