1、Designation: F414 09F414 15Standard Test Method forEnergy Absorbed by a Tire When Deformed by Slow-MovingPlunger1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F414; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of tire plunger energy required to completely penetrate the tread area of aninfl
3、ated tire as indicated by a rupture, loss of inflation pressure, sudden drop in plunger force or bottom-out. The test requiresutilization of a laboratory testing machine capable of slowly penetrating the tread surface of a tire with a plunger having ahemispherical end.1.2 This test method is applica
4、ble to pneumatic tires for vehicles normally used on the road.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its u
5、se. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubb
6、er and Carbon Black Manufacturing IndustriesE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesF538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Performance of TiresF1082 Practice for TiresDetermining Precision for Test Method Standards (Withdrawn 2005)3IEEE/ASTM SI10-02 American National Sta
7、ndard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bottom out, vto deform a tire by radial load on the tread until radial movement of the inside surface is stopped by therim or other tire inside surface. F5383.1.2 groove, na void that
8、 is relatively narrow compared to its length. F5383.1.3 load range, na letter designation (A, B, C, D) or, for P-metric tires, standard load (SL), light load (LL), or extra load(XL), used to identify a given size tire with its load and inflation limits when used in a specific type of service. F5383.
9、1.4 load rating M, nthe maximum load a tire is rated to carry for a given usage at a specific cold inflation pressure. F5383.1.5 maximum load rating M, nof a passenger tire, the load rating at the maximum permissible cold inflation pressure forthat tire. F5383.1.6 maximum plunger travel L, nin tire
10、testing, the relative displacement of tread surface by a plunger, measured from thepoint of initial contact of the plunger with the tread surface to the point of maximum force at rupture or at the bottom-out point.F5381 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F09 on Tires and is
11、 the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.30 on Laboratory (Non-Vehicular)Testing.Current edition approved June 15, 2009June 1, 2015. Published July 2009August 2015. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 20062009 asF414 06.F414 09. DOI: 10.1520/F0414-09.10.1520/F0414-15
12、.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is r
13、eferenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends th
14、at users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.7 nominal plunger
15、energy, W = (F P)/2, nin tire testing, one half of the product of a peak force (required to rupturethe tire structure in tread area) and maximum plunger travel into a tire at the time of rupture. F5383.1.8 plunger, nin tire testing, a cylindrical rod with a hemispherical end. F5383.1.9 void, na volu
16、me (in the annular tread band) defined by the lack of rubber; the depth dimension of this volume may varyfrom point to point in (on) the tread band. F5384. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method measures tire plunger energy required to force a cylindrical plunger with a hemispherical end into th
17、e treadof the tire to produce a rupture of the carcass or a bottom-out condition.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure of test and provides data that can be related to tire strength, but does notmeasure tire performance or establish specification or tolerances.
18、6. Apparatus6.1 Testing Machine that incorporates a cylindrical plunger, which can be forced, at 50.8 6 1.58 mm/min (2.0 60.0625 in.min) radially into a tread of a tire, while the force and plunger motion are indicated or recorded.6.1.1 The force-indicating device shall have an accuracy of 61 % of t
19、he indicated force and shall reflect an instantaneouschange in force from zero to full scale in no more than 3.0 s.6.1.2 Relative plunger travel distance shall be indicated to an accuracy of 61 % of the distance from the original undeformedtire tread surface, taking into account any motion or deflec
20、tion of the force-measuring mechanism or supporting devices.6.2 Means for Calibration of the Testing Machine, for plunger force, plunger travel, and rate of plunger travel is necessary.6.3 Calibrating Weights or Other Calibrating Devices, conforming to Practices E4, are required for verification of
21、calibration.6.4 Means for Mounting a Tire on a Test Rim, and mounting the test assembly on the testing machine is necessary.6.5 Test Rims, with dimensions as shown in the current issue of Tire and Rim Association Year Books,4 ETRTO,5 JATMA,6 oras listed in a publication by the tire manufacturer, are
22、 necessary.6.6 Plunger (Circular Cylinder), having a diameter as shown in Table 1 for the tire being tested, and having the working endin the shape of a hemisphere, hardened to a minimum Rockwell hardness 35 HRC, and polished to a 16-in. (0.50-m)0.50-m(16-in.) finish or better with no visible tool m
23、arks, is required. It must be long enough to penetrate from the undeformed tire treadsurface to the bottom-out condition.7. Sampling7.1 A sample is one or more tires taken from a lot as directed in any applicable specification, or as taken from a shipping unit,or as agreed upon between the purchaser
24、 and the seller.7.2 Record the manufacturers identification, brand name, tire identification number, tire outside diameter, rim diameter, size,load range, fabric type, and type of tire. Visually inspect the tire completely for excessive mold lubricant and for any obvious faultsor conditions that cou
25、ld affect the test.8. Conditioning8.1 The ambient temperature for tire conditioning and in the test area shall be any known temperature between 18 and 40C(65 and 105F).8.2 The test tire, after being mounted on a test rim and inflated to the applicable test pressure, shall remain at the ambienttemper
26、ature of the test room for at least 3 h prior to testing.9. Procedure9.1 Mount the tire on a test rim and inflate the tire with air to the pressure as specified in Table 2 when testing passenger cartires or corresponding to the maximum load or maximum dual load where there is both a single and dual
27、load marked on the tirefor all other type tires. The inflation pressure tolerance shall be 63.5 kPa (0.5 psi). Condition the mounted tire in accordance with8.1 and 8.2.9.1.1 Table 2 provides the inflation pressure to use when testing various passenger car tire sizes. There are three common stylesfor
28、 tire size designators in current use; each style is listed in separate sections of the table.4 Available from Tire and Rim Association, Inc. 175 Montrose West Ave., Copley, OH 44321.5 Available from the European Tyre and Rim Technical Organization, 32/2, Avenue Brugmann, B-1060 Brussels, Belgium.6
29、Available from the Japan Automobile Tire Manufacturers Association, Inc., No. 33 Mori BLDG, 8th Floor, 3-8-21 Toranomon, Minato-KU, Tokyo, Japan 105-001J.F414 1529.1.1.1 Atire size designator in the “Passenger” style may or may not use the single letter “P” followed by a number identifyinga width, a
30、 slash (/), a number identifying the aspect ratio, a construction indicator “R”, and another number indicating the rim sizecode.9.1.1.2 Atire size designator in the alphanumeric style uses a single letter (other than P or T) followed by a number identifyingan aspect ratio, a hyphen, and another numb
31、er indicating the rim size code.9.1.1.3 A tire size designator in the “T” style uses the single letter “T” followed by a number identifying a width, a slash (/),a number identifying the aspect ratio, an “R” or “D,” and another number indicating the rim size code.9.2 An inner tube of the same size as
32、 the tire shall be used for all measurements on tube-type tires and may be used intubeless-type tires.9.3 Select a plunger of diameter specified in Table 1 and properly secure the plunger to the testing machine.9.4 Clean the plunger prior to each test using a clean soft cloth and a water soluble rub
33、ber lubricant or water miscible solvent.Wipe completely dry and clean off any residue or foreign matter. Clean the tire prior to each test using a clean, dry, soft cloth.9.5 Mount the tire-wheel assembly on the testing machine. Adjust the test inflation pressure, if necessary, and adjust the lateral
34、position of the plunger or wheel so that the plunger contacts the tire at the test point (tread rib nearest tire center) with a force justsufficient to cause a slight drag between the tire and plunger.Avoid centering the plunger on a deep groove in the tread rib or block.9.6 Force the tire onto the
35、plunger or the plunger perpendicularly into the tire tread (depending upon the relative motionemployed by the test apparatus) at a rate of 50.8 mm/min (2 in.min), while recording plunger force and travel.9.7 Increase tire deformation by the plunger until the tire either is completely penetrated (as
36、would be indicated by a rupture,loss of inflation pressure) or bottom-out occurs. Record the maximum plunger force and plunger travel into the tire at five testpoints or at three test points for tires of 12-in.12 rim diameter code or less, equally spaced around the tire circumference inaccordance wi
37、th 9.1 9.6. Use these values in Section 10 to calculate energy. If a bottom-out condition is reached, stop the testbefore any damage to the tire, rim, or plunger pin can occur, and record the plunger force and travel. If the tire fails to break beforeTABLE 1 Plunger DiameterTire Load IdentificationA
38、 Tire Characteristics Plunger Diameter, mm (in.)A, B, C Motorcycle 7.9 0.1 (0.313 0.005)A, B, C, D, SL, XL,E, FAll 12-in. or smallerrim, exceptmotorcycle19.0 0.1 (0.750 0.005)A, B, C, D, SL, XL,E, FAll 12 rim diametercode or smaller,except motorcycle19.0 0.1 (0.750 0.005)B, C, D, SL, LL, XL, T Passe
39、nger car 19.0 0.1 (0.750 0.005)B, C, D, E, F, G,HLight truck 19.0 0.1 (0.750 0.005)B, C, D, E, F, G,HLight truck 19.0 0.1 (0.750 0.005)B, C, D, E, F, G,H17.5-in. or smallerrim, tubeless19.0 0.1 (0.750 0.005)B, C, D, E, F, G,H17.5 rim diametercode or smaller,tubeless19.0 0.1 (0.750 0.005)C, D, E, F L
40、arger than 17.5-in.rim, tubeless31.8 0.1 (1.250 0.005)C, D, E, F Larger than 17.5 rimdiameter code,tubeless31.8 0.1 (1.250 0.005)C, D, E, F Larger than 17.5-in.rim, tube type31.8 0.1 (1.250 0.005)C, D, E, F Larger than 17.5 rimdiameter code, tubetype31.8 0.1 (1.250 0.005)G, H, J, L, M, N Larger than
41、 17.5-in.rim, tubeless38.1 0.1 (1.500 0.005)G, H, J, L, M, N Larger than 17.5 rimdiameter code,tubeless38.1 0.1 (1.500 0.005)G, H, J Larger than 17.5-in.rim, tube type38.1 0.1 (1.500 0.005)G, H, J Larger than 17.5 rimdiameter code, tubetype38.1 0.1 (1.500 0.005)A Temporary use 60-psi tires and stand
42、ard load, light load, and extra load “Pmetric” tires are described as T, SL, LL, and XL. All other letter designations referto load range.F414 153plunger is stopped on reaching the rim and the required minimum breaking energy is not achieved, then the required minimumbreaking energy is deemed to hav
43、e been achieved at that point.9.8 If necessary, to prevent inflation pressure loss, after each plunger test, place a tire patch over the rupture area on the insideof the tire. Reinflate to test inflation pressure and proceed to the next test location.10. Calculation of Results10.1 Compute the nomina
44、l plunger energy for each of the test points measured by means of the following formula:We! 5F 3P!/2 (1)where:W(e) = nominal plunger energy, lbfin.,F = maximum force, lbf, andP = maximum plunger travel, in.orWm! 5F 3 P!/2000# (2)where:W(m) = nominal plunger energy, J,F = maximum force, N, andP = max
45、imum plunger travel, mm.10.1.1 Tire plunger energy can also be obtained by measuring the area under the force deformation curve if test equipment isso equipped. However, the energy value obtained can be different from the formula value and must so be indicated in the test report.TABLE 2 Passenger Ca
46、r Tire Plunger Energy Test InflationPressureATire Load IdentificationTest InflationB,Dpsi (kPa)kPa(psi)Maximum InflationC,Dpsi (kPa)kPa (psi)Alphanumeric type tiresLoad range B 24 (165) 32 (220)Load range B 165 (24) 220 (32)Load range C 28 (195) 36 (250)Load range C 195 (28) 250 (36)Load range D 32
47、(220) 40 (275)Load range D 220 (32) 275 (40)“Passenger” type tiresStandard load or LL 26 (180) 35 (240)Standard load or LL 180 (26) 240 (35)26 (180) (250)180 (26) 250 (36)Extra load 26 (180) 44 (300)Extra load 180 (26) 300 (44)26 (180) 51 (350)180 (26) 350 (51)32 (220) 41 (280)220 (32) 280 (41)32 (2
48、20) (290)220 (32) 29032 (220) 50 (340)220 (32) 340 (50)“LT” and “C” type tires Corresponding to pressure for maximumload or maximum dual load where there isboth single and dual load marked on thesidewall.“T” type tiresTemporary use 52 (360) 60 (420)Temporary use 360 (52) 420 (60)A Inflation pressure
49、 tolerance = 3.5 kPa (0.5 psi).B Refer to IEEE/ASTM SI10-02IEEE/ASTM SI10-02 for a comprehensive under-standing of SI units. The conversion unit relative to previous practice: 1psi = 6.894757 kPa.C Part of the identification of the tire is the “Maximum Pressure,” which is stampedon the sidewall of the tire.D Please refer to ISO/TR 29846:2008 for kPa to PSI equivalencies.F414 15410.1.2 Tire plunger energy values obtained using inflation pressure other than the test inflation p
