1、Designation: F436/F436M 18aStandard Specification forHardened Steel Washers Inch and Metric Dimensions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F436/F436M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the chemi
3、cal, mechanical, anddimensional requirements for hardened steel washers for usewith fasteners having nominal thread diameters of14 through 4in. and M12 through M100. These washers are intended forgeneral-purpose mechanical and structural use with bolts, nuts,studs, and other internally and externall
4、y threaded fasteners.These washers are suitable for use with fasteners covered inSpecifications A354, A449, A563, A563M, F959/F959M, andF3125.1.2 The washers are designated by type denoting thematerial, by style denoting the shape, and by inch or metricdimensions.1.2.1 The types of washers covered a
5、re:1.2.1.1 Type 1Carbon steel.1.2.1.2 Type 3Weathering steel.1.2.1.3 This specification provides for furnishing Type 3 tochemical composition or a Corrosion Index (CRI) of 6 orhigher at the suppliers option.1.2.2 The styles of washers covered are:1.2.2.1 CircularCircular washers in nominal sizes14th
6、rough 4 in. and M12 through M100 suitable for applicationswhere sufficient space exists and angularity permits.1.2.2.2 BeveledBeveled washers are square orrectangular, in nominal sizes12 through 112 in., M12 throughM16, with a beveled 1 to 6 ratio surface for use with Americanstandard beams and chan
7、nels.1.2.2.3 ClippedClipped washers are circular or beveledfor use where space limitations necessitate that one side beclipped.1.2.2.4 Extra ThickExtra thick washers are circular wash-ers in nominal sizes12 through 4 in., with a nominal thicknessof516 in. suitable for structural applications with ov
8、ersizedholes.1.3 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-nology F1789 unless otherwise defined herein.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units for inchfasteners and SI units for metric fasteners and are to beregarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may n
9、ot be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with thestandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibili
10、ty of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization es
11、tablished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy SteelBolt
12、s, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded FastenersA449 Specification for Hex Cap Screws, Bolts and Studs,Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105/90 ksi Minimum TensileStrength, General UseA563 Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel NutsA563M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts (Met-ric)A588/A588M Sp
13、ecification for High-Strength Low-AlloyStructural Steel, up to 50 ksi 345 MPa Minimum YieldPoint, with Atmospheric Corrosion ResistanceA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-cal Analysis of Steel ProductsA1059 Specification for Zinc Alloy Thermo-Diffusion Coat-ings (TDC) on Steel Fa
14、steners, Hardware, and OtherProducts1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets and Washers.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originallyapproved in
15、1976. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as F436/F436M 18.DOI: 10.1520/F0436_F0436M-18A2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Su
16、mmary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized prin
17、ciples on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1B695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically De-posited on Iron an
18、d SteelF606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the MechanicalProperties of Externally and Internally ThreadedFasteners, Washers, Direct Tension Indicators, and RivetsF959/F959M Specification for Compressible-Washer-TypeDirect Tension Indicators for Use with StructuralFasteners, Inch and Metric Serie
19、sF1136/F1136M Specification for Zinc/Aluminum CorrosionProtective Coatings for FastenersF1470 Practice for Fastener Sampling for Specified Me-chanical Properties and Performance InspectionF1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical FastenersF2329 Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Require-ments for A
20、pplication to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts,Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded FastenersF3125 Specification for High Strength Structural Bolts, Steeland Alloy Steel, Heat Treated, 120 ksi (830 MPa) and 150ksi (1040 MPa) Minimum Tensile Strength, Inch andMetric DimensionsG101 Guide for Estima
21、ting the Atmospheric Corrosion Re-sistance of Low-Alloy Steels3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for hardened steel washers under this specifica-tion shall include the following:3.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue,3.1.2 Quantity (number of pieces by size),3.1.3 Type and Style (see 1.2.1 and 1.2.
22、2),3.1.3.1 Material type of washer (that is, Type 1 or Type 3),3.1.3.2 When the type is not specified, either Type 1 or Type3 washers may be supplied.3.1.4 Coating type, if required (see 4.3),3.1.4.1 When atmospheric corrosion resistance is required,Type 3 washers shall be specified by the purchaser
23、.3.1.5 Dimensions, nominal size, and other dimensions, ifmodified from those covered in this specification,3.1.5.1 Standard thickness shall be supplied unless extrathick is specified.3.1.6 Specify if inspection at point of manufacture isrequired,3.1.7 Specify if manufacturers certification or test r
24、eports,or both, are required, and3.1.8 Special requirements.3.1.9 Any supplementary requirements.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall beproduced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnaceprocess.4.2 Washers up to and including 112 in. for inch fas
25、tenersand M36 for metric fasteners, shall be through hardened.Washers over 112 in. for inch fasteners and M36 for metricfasteners, may be either through hardened or carburized at theoption of the manufacturer.4.3 Protective Coatings:4.3.1 Unless otherwise specified, washers shall be furnished“plain”
26、 with the “as-fabricated” surface finish without protec-tive coatings.4.3.2 When zinc-coated washers are required, the purchasershall specify the zinc coating process, for example, hot-dip,mechanically deposited, Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion ProtectiveCoating, or no preference.4.3.2.1 When hot-dip is spe
27、cified the washers shall be zinccoated by the hot-dip process in accordance with the require-ments of Specification F2329.4.3.2.2 When thermo-diffusion is specified the washersshall be zinc coated by the thermo-diffusion process in accor-dance with the requirements of Class 25 of SpecificationA1059.
28、4.3.2.3 When mechanically deposited is specified the wash-ers shall be zinc coated by the mechanical-deposition processin accordance with the requirements of Class 55 of Specifica-tion B695.4.3.2.4 When Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coatingis specified, the washers shall be coated in accordance
29、 with therequirements of Grade 3 of Specification F1136/F1136M.4.3.3 When the zinc coating process is not specified, thesupplier may furnish zinc coated washers in accordance withthe suppliers choice of process from 4.3.2.1 through 4.3.2.4.4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor, they sha
30、llbe returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment tothe purchaser.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Type 1 washers shall conform to the chemical compo-sition specified in Table 1.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsAElementComposition, %Type 1 Type 3BPhosphorus, maxHeat analysisProduct analysis0.040
31、0.0500.0400.045Sulfur, maxHeat analysisProduct analysis0.0500.0600.0500.055SiliconHeat analysisProduct analysis.0.150.350.130.37ChromiumHeat analysisProduct analysis.0.450.650.420.68NickelHeat analysisProduct analysis.0.250.450.220.48CopperHeat analysisProduct analysis.0.250.450.220.48AWhen providin
32、g Weathering Steels to a calculated corrosion index use theLegault-Leckie formula from Guide G101. Link to online calculator:http:/www.astm.org/COMMIT/G01_G101Calcultr1100.xlsI 5 26.01 s% Cud13.88 s% Nid11.20 s% Crd11.49 s% Sid117.28 s% Pd 2 7.29 s% Cuds% Nid29.10 s% Nids% Pd 2 33.39 s% Cud2BWeather
33、ing steel washers may also be manufactured from any of the steelslisted in Table 2 of Specification A588/A588M and F3125.F436/F436M 18a25.2 Type 3 washers shall conform to the heat analysisspecified in Table 1.Alternatively, at the suppliers option, Type3 washers having a Copper minimum Heat Analysi
34、s of 0.25%,Phosphorous and Sulfur conforming to Table 1 and a CorrosionIndex of 6 or higher as calculated from the Heat Analysis asdescribed in Guide G101 Predictive method based on the dataof Larabee and Coburn shall be accepted.5.3 For Type 1 and 3 furnished to the Chemical Composi-tions in Table
35、1, Product Analysis may be made by thepurchaser on finished washers representing each lot. TheChemical Composition shall conform to the requirements inTable 1, Product Analysis.5.4 Product Analysis are not applicable to Type 3 washersfurnished to a CRI of 6 or higher calculated from the HeatAnalysis
36、.5.5 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordancewith Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751.6. Mechanical Properties6.1 Through hardened washers shall have a hardness of 38to 45 HRC, except when zinc-coated by the hot-dip process, inwhich case they shall have a hardness of 26 to 45 HRC
37、.6.2 Carburized washers shall be carburized to a minimumdepth of 0.015 in. (inch series) or 0.38 mm (metric series) andshall have a surface hardness of 69 to 73 HRA or 79 to 83HR15N, except when zinc-coated by the hot-dip process, inwhich case they shall have a hardness of 63 to 73 HRA or 73to 83 HR
38、15N.6.3 Carburized and hardened washers shall have a minimumcore hardness of 30 HRC or 65 HRA.7. Dimensions and Tolerances7.1 All circular and clipped circular washers shall conformto the dimensions shown in Table 2 and Table 4 (inch washers)and Table 5 and Table 7 (metric washers).7.2 All square be
39、veled and clipped square beveled washersshall conform to the dimensions shown in Table 3 and Table 4(inch washers) and Table 6 and Table 7 (metric washers). Inaddition, rectangular beveled and clipped rectangular beveledwashers shall conform to the dimensions shown in the appro-priate Table 3 and Ta
40、ble 4 (inch washers) or Table 6 and Table7 (metric washers) except that one side may be longer thanshown for the “A” dimension.7.3 As a result of the punching process, the inside diameterof the washer generally consists of three distinct sections. Onthe punch entry side of the washer there is some d
41、rawing in ofthe material resulting in a rounded corner section, followingwhich is a substantially parallel a burnished depth section, andfinally at the exit side a tapered breakout may occur (see Fig.1). The parallel sided burnished depth section of the washerinside diameter shall be within the limi
42、ts specified in Table 2,however, the specified maximum inside diameter may beexceeded at the washer face on the breakout side by amaximum taper allowance of 25 % of the specified maximumwasher thickness for each size.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 Washers shall be free of excess mill scal
43、e, excesscoatings and foreign material on bearing surfaces. Arc and gascut washers shall be free of metal spatter.9. Sampling and Number of Tests9.1 Each lot shall be tested by the manufacturer prior toshipment in accordance with the lot control as described in9.4.1 and 9.4.2 and Table 8.9.1.1 When
44、supplied by a source other than the manufac-turer or processed by an outside supplier, the responsible partyshall ensure that all tests have been performed and the washersconform to this specification.9.2 When specified in the purchase order, the manufacturershall furnish a test report for the lot a
45、s defined in 9.4.1.9.3 When weathering steels are furnished to CorrosionResistance Index, the CRI number shall be calculated for eachheat.9.4 When the purchaser requires that additional tests beperformed by the manufacturer to determine that the propertiesof products in an individual shipment are wi
46、thin specifiedlimits, the purchaser shall specify the testing requirements,including the sampling plan and basis of acceptance, in theinquiry and purchase order.9.4.1 The lot, for purposes of selecting samples, shallconsist of all washers offered for inspection and testing, at onetime, that are the
47、same type, style, nominal size, same rawmaterial heat number, same nominal post treatment (heattreatment, coating or both) and surface finish.9.4.2 Samples from each lot shall be selected at random andtested for each requirement in accordance to Table 8.10. Test Methods10.1 Hardness:10.1.1 Non-carbu
48、rized WashersA minimum of two read-ings shall be taken 180 apart on at least one face at a minimumdepth of 0.015 in. (inch series) or 0.38 mm (metric series).10.1.2 Carburized WashersA minimum of two readingsshall be taken 180 apart on at least one face.10.2 Hardness tests shall be performed in acco
49、rdance withthe Rockwell test method specified in Test Methods F606/F606M.10.3 Corrosion Resistance Index:10.3.1 The corrosion Resistance Index shall be calculatedfrom the Heat Analysis in accordance with G101 PredictionMethod based on the data of Larabee and Coburn.11. Inspection11.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchasers inspectorall reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy him that thematerial is being produced and furnished in accordance withthis specification. Mill inspection by the purchaser shall notinterfere unnecessarily with the m
