1、Designation: F 436M 09Standard Specification forHardened Steel Washers (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 436M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, anddimensional
3、requirements for metric hardened steel washersfor use with fasteners having nominal thread diameters M12through M100. These washers are intended for general-purposemechanical and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and otherinternally and externally threaded fasteners. These washers aresuitable
4、for use with fasteners covered in SpecificationsA 325M, A 490M, A 563M and with fasteners of SpecificationF 568 property classes 8.8 and higher.1.2 The types of washers covered in this specification are:1.2.1 Type 1Washers made of carbon steel.1.2.2 Type 3Washers made of steel having atmosphericcorr
5、osion resistance and weathering characteristics comparableto that of steels covered in Specifications A 242/A 242M,A 588/A 588M, and A 709/A 709M. The atmospheric corro-sion resistance of these steels is substantially better than that ofcarbon steel with or without copper addition. See 5.1. Whenprop
6、erly exposed to the atmosphere, these steels can be usedbare (uncoated) for many applications.1.3 The styles of washers covered in this specification are:1.3.1 Circular WashersCircular washers in nominal sizes12 mm through 100 mm, are suitable for applications wheresufficient space exists and angula
7、rity permits.1.3.2 Beveled WashersBeveled washers are square andrectangular, in nominal sizes 12 mm through 36 mm, with abeveled 1:6 surface for use withAmerican Standard beams andchannels.1.3.3 Clipped WashersClipped washers are circular orbeveled for use where space limitations necessitate that on
8、eside be clipped.1.4 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-nology F 1789 unless otherwise defined herein.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.NOTE 1This specification is the metric counterpart of S
9、pecificationF 436.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u
10、se.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 153/A 153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) onIron and Steel HardwareA 242/A 242M Specification for High-Strength Low-AlloyStructural SteelA 325M Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, HeatTreated 830 MPa Minimum Tensile Strength MetricA 49
11、0M Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts,Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3, for Structural Steel Joints (Metric)A 563M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts(Metric)A 588/A 588M Specification for High-Strength Low-AlloyStructural Steel, up to 50 ksi 345 MPa Minimum YieldPoint, with Atmospheric Co
12、rrosion ResistanceA 709/A 709M Specification for Structural Steel forBridgesA 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel ProductsB 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc MechanicallyDeposited on Iron and SteelD 3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingF 436 Specification
13、 for Hardened Steel WashersF 568M Specification for Carbon andAlloy Steel ExternallyThreaded Metric Fasteners (Metric)F 606M Test Methods for Determining the MechanicalProperties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, and Rivets (Metric)1This specification is under the jurisdiction
14、 of ASTM Committee F16 onFasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts,Nuts, Rivets and Washers.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published January 2009. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as F 436M 04.2For referenced ASTM stand
15、ards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM Inter
16、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.F 1136M Specification for Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Pro-tective Coatings for Fasteners (Metric)F 1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical FastenersG 101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric CorrosionResistance of
17、Low-Alloy Steels2.2 ANSI Standard:3B 18.23.2M Metric Beveled Washers3. Ordering Information3.1 Orders for washers under this specification shall includethe following:3.1.1 Quantity,3.1.2 Name of product, (that is, circular washer, beveledwasher, clipped circular washer, or clipped beveled washer),3.
18、1.3 Coating, if required (that is, hot-dip galvanized, me-chanically galvanized, Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion ProtectiveCoating, etc.),3.1.3.1 When galvanized washers are specified, the type ofgalvanizing, such as hot-dip or mechanical (see 6.1 and 6.3),3.1.3.1.1 When the type of galvanizing is not speci
19、fied, themanufacturer, at his option, may furnish hot-dip or mechani-cally galvanized washers,3.1.4 Dimensions, nominal size, and other dimensions, ifmodified from those covered in this specification,3.1.5 Material type of washer (that is, Type 1 or Type 3),3.1.5.1 When the type is not specified, ei
20、ther Type 1 or Type3 washers may be supplied when permitted by the purchaser.3.1.5.2 When atmospheric corrosion resistance is required,Type 3 washers shall be specified by the purchaser.3.1.6 Surface roughness control (see S1),3.1.7 ASTM designation and year of issue, and3.1.8 Any special requiremen
21、ts.NOTE 2Two examples of ordering descriptions follow: (1) 1000pieces, circular washers, hot-dip galvanized, 24 mm, Type 1 ASTM F436M, dated _. (2) 5000 pieces, beveled washers, 22 mm, Type 3,ASTM, F 436M, dated _.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall beprodu
22、ced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnaceprocess.4.2 All washers in nominal sizes 12 through 36 mm, shall bethrough-quenched-and-tempered. Washers in nominal sizeslarger than 36 mm may be either through-quenched-and-tempered or carburized, quenched-and-tempered at the manu-facturers
23、option.4.3 Hot-dip galvanized washers shall be hot-dip galvanizedin accordance with the requirements for Class C of Specifica-tion A 153/A 153M. Mechanically galvanized washers shall bemechanically zinc-coated, and the coating and coated washersshall conform to the requirements for Class 50 of Speci
24、ficationB 695. Zinc/Aluminum Corrosion Protective Coating shall becoated and the coating and coated washers shall conform to therequirements of Grade 3 of Specification F 1136M.4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor, they shallbe returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment
25、 tothe purchaser.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Type 1 and Type 3 washers shall conform to thechemical composition requirements specified in Table 1. ForType 3 see Guide G 101 for methods of estimating corrosionresistance of low alloy steels.5.2 Product analysis may be made by the purchaser fromfinished
26、 material representing each lot of washers. The chemi-cal composition shall conform to the requirements of 4.1 and5.1.5.3 Individual heats of steel are not identified in the finishedproduct.5.4 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordancewith Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751.6. M
27、echanical Properties6.1 Through-quenched-and-tempered washers shall have aRockwell hardness of 38 to 45 HRC, except when hot-dipgalvanized, in which case they shall have a Rockwell hardnessof 26 to 45 HRC.6.2 Carburized, quenched-and-tempered washers shall becarburized to a minimum depth of 0.40 mm
28、and shall have aRockwell hardness of 69 to 73 HRA.6.3 When mechanically galvanized, washers shall have thesame hardness range as noncoated washers.7. Dimensions and Tolerances7.1 Circular and clipped circular washers shall conform todimensions given in Table 2. All dimensions apply prior toplating o
29、r coating.7.1.1 The axis of the inside hole shall be located at trueposition with respect to the axis of the washer circumferencewithin a tolerance zone having a diameter of 0.6 mm forwashers of nominal sizes 16 mm and smaller and 0.9 mm forwashers of nominal sizes 20 mm and larger.3Available from A
30、merican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsElementComposition, %Type 1 Type 3APhosphorus, maxHeat analysis 0.040 0.040Product analysis 0.050 0.045Sulfur, maxHeat analysis 0.050 0.050Product analysis 0.060
31、 0.055SiliconHeat analysis . . . 0.150.35Product analysis . . . 0.130.37ChromiumHeat analysis . . . 0.450.65Product analysis . . . 0.420.68NickelHeat analysis . . . 0.250.45Product analysis . . . 0.220.48CopperHeat analysis . . . 0.250.45Product analysis . . . 0.220.48AType 3 steel washers may also
32、be manufactured from any of the steels listedin Table 2 of Specification F 568M.F436M0927.1.2 Washers shall be flat within 0.01 mm/mm outsidediameter.7.1.3 As a result of the punching process, the inside diam-eter of the washer generally consists of three distinct sections.On the punch entry side of
33、 the washer there is some drawing inof the material resulting in a rounded corner section, followingwhich is a substantially parallel section, and finally at the exitside a tapered breakout may occur (see Fig. 1). The parallelsided section of the washer inside diameter shall be within thelimits spec
34、ified in Table 2, however, the specified maximuminside diameter may be exceeded at the washer face on thebreakout side by a maximum taper allowance of 25 % of thespecified maximum washer thickness for each size.7.2 Beveled washers shall conform to dimensions in accor-dance with ANSI B18.23.2M.7.3 Cl
35、ipped beveled washers shall conform to dimensionsfor beveled washers in accordance withANSI B18.23.2, exceptthat one edge may be clipped off not closer than 0.0875 timesthe washer nominal size from the center of the hole.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 Washers shall be free of excess mill
36、scale, excesscoatings, and foreign material on bearing surfaces. Arc and gascut washers shall be free of metal spatter.9. Sampling and Number of Tests and Retests9.1 The requirements of this specification shall be met incontinuous mass production for stock, and the manufacturershall make sample insp
37、ections to ensure that the productconforms to the specified requirements. Additional tests ofindividual shipments of material are not ordinarily necessary.9.2 When specified in the purchase order, the manufacturershall furnish a test report certified to be the last complete set ofmechanical tests fo
38、r each stock size in each shipment.9.3 When the purchaser requires that additional tests beperformed by the manufacturer to determine that the propertiesof products in an individual shipment are within specifiedlimits, the purchaser shall specify the testing requirements,including the sampling plan
39、and basis of acceptance, in theinquiry and purchase order.9.3.1 When the purchaser does not specify the samplingplan and basis of acceptance the conditions in 9.3.1.1 through9.3.1.3 shall apply:9.3.1.1 The lot, for purposes of selecting samples, shallconsist of all washers offered for inspection and
40、 testing, at onetime, that are the same type, style, nominal size, and surfacefinish.TABLE 2 Dimensions of Circular WashersNominal WasherSize, mmAInside Diameter (A), mm Outside Diameter (B), mm Thickness (C), mm Clipped Width(E), mm, minBmax min max min max min12 14.4 14.0 27.0 25.7 4.6 3.1 10.514
41、16.4 16.0 30.0 28.7 4.6 3.1 12.216 18.4 18.0 34.0 32.4 4.6 3.1 14.020 22.5 22.0 42.0 40.4 4.6 3.1 17.522 24.5 24.0 44.0 42.4 4.6 3.4 19.224 26.5 26.0 50.0 48.4 4.6 3.4 21.027 30.5 30.0 56.0 54.1 4.6 3.4 23.630 33.6 33.0 60.0 58.1 4.6 3.4 26.236 39.6 39.0 72.0 70.1 4.6 3.4 31.542 45.6 45.0 84.0 81.8
42、7.2 4.6 36.748 52.7 52.0 95.0 92.8 7.2 4.6 42.056 62.7 62.0 107.0 104.8 8.7 6.1 49.064 70.7 70.0 118.0 115.8 8.7 6.1 56.072 78.7 78.0 130.0 127.5 8.7 6.1 63.080 86.9 86.0 142.0 139.5 8.7 6.1 70.090 96.9 96.0 159.0 156.5 8.7 6.1 78.7100 107.9 107.0 176.0 173.5 8.7 6.1 87.5ANominal washer sizes are in
43、tended for use with fasteners of the same nominal thread diameter.BWashers may be clipped on one side not closer to the center of the washer than width E.FIG. 1 Washer Inside ProfileF436M0939.3.1.2 From each lot, samples shall be selected at randomand tested for each requirement, except as specified
44、 in 9.3.1.3,in accordance with Table 3.9.3.1.3 When determining the weight of coating of platedand coated washers, the sampling plan defined in 9.3.1.2 shallapply, except that in no case shall the sample consist of lessthan three washers.10. Test Methods10.1 Hardness tests shall be performed in acco
45、rdance withTest Methods F 606M.11. Inspection11.1 The inspector representing the purchaser shall havefree entry to all parts of the manufacturers works that concernthe manufacture of the material ordered. The manufacturershall afford the inspector all reasonable facilities to satisfy thatthe materia
46、l is being furnished in accordance with this speci-fication. All tests and inspections required by the specificationthat are requested by the purchasers representative shall bemade prior to shipment, and shall be conducted as not tointerfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.11.2 If othe
47、r than the normal inspection for continuous massproduction of parts as stipulated in 9.1 is required by thepurchaser, it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract order.12. Rejection12.1 Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on testsmade in accordance with this specification shall be
48、reported tothe manufacturer within 30 working days from the receipt ofsamples by the purchaser.13. Certification and Test Report13.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,a manufacturers certification that the material was manufac-tured and tested in accordance with this specificati
49、on, togetherwith a report of the latest mechanical tests of each stock size ineach shipment, shall be furnished at the time of shipment.13.2 Data contained in the certified test report shall includematerial grade and hardness tests.14. Responsibility14.1 The party responsible for the fastener shall be theorganization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser.15. Product Marking15.1 Washers shall be marked with a symbol, or otherdistinguishing marks, to identify the manufacturer or privatelabel distributor, as appropriate.15.2 Additionally, washe
