1、Designation: F 445 88 (Reapproved 2004)e1Standard Consumer Safety Specification forThermal-Shock-Preventing Devices and Systems inShowering Areas1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEUpdated warning note in 6.2.2.1 and added keywords editorially in August 2004.INTRODUCTIO
3、NThis consumer safety specification addresses certain hazards in connection with shower areas2andis directed toward thermal shock.The general requirements of this specification are intended to establish a maximum allowabledischarge temperature and provide for automatic compensation if that temperatu
4、re is exceeded, orlimit temperature changes that are potentially dangerous, or both.This specification establishes the necessary requirements to ensure safety from thermal shock duringshowering for both the normal user capacity and limited user capacity of some aged, infirm, or young.These requireme
5、nts can be attained through the utilization of devices, series of devices, or plumbingsystem designs, which are available in the marketplace. Many of these devices are applicable to bothnew construction and retrofit installations. Specifications for the reliability and testing of these devicesand sy
6、stems are available in most cases from such organizations as the American National StandardsInstitute or the American Society of Sanitary Engineering.1. Scope1.1 This consumer safety specification covers thermal-shock-preventing devices and systems delivering water toshowering areas.1.2 This specifi
7、cation establishes the minimum performancerequirements for the devices and systems to minimize the risksassociated with the hazards of thermal shock.2. Terminology2.1 check valvevalve designed to allow the flow of waterin one direction only.2.2 devicepiece of equipment or mechanism designed toserve
8、a special purpose or perform a special function.2.3 mixing valvedevice for mixing cold and hot water toproduce an intermediate temperature as required, either manu-ally, pressure-equalizing, or thermostatically controlled, andwhich is adjustable manually or by other means.2.4 safety shut-off devicem
9、aximum temperature-limitingdevice that reduces the flow of water to a specified amount.2.5 scaldfirst-, second-, or third-degree burn injurycaused by the contact of hot water on the skin.2.6 showering areabathing space that consists of a tub,tub-shower, or shower stall bounded by four walls, real or
10、imaginary, extending vertically to the ceiling from the outsideedge of the tub or stall.2.7 stop-check valvevalve designed to allow the flow ofwater in one direction only and which also has the capability tocontrol the supply of water.2.8 stop valvevalve used for the control of water supply.2.9 ther
11、mal shockchange in temperature that is rapid andgreat enough to produce a potentially hazardous reaction.2.10 water outletdischarge opening through which wateris supplied to a bathing area.3. Compliance3.1 No device or system produced after the approval date ofthis consumer safety specification shal
12、l either by label or othermeans indicate compliance with this specification unless itconforms to all requirements contained herein.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 onConsumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.03 onSafety Standards for Ba
13、thtub and Shower Structures.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2004. Published August 2004. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 445 88 (1999).2“A Systematic Program to Reduce the Incidence and Severity of Bathtub andShower Area Injuries,” Abt Associates, Inc., June
14、4, 1975.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Materials4.1 The materials used in the thermal-shock-preventingdevices or systems shall conform to the following:4.1.1 All parts, external or internal, shall be capable ofres
15、isting deterioration in the environment to which they areexposed to the degree that the intended performance of thedevice or system will not be adversely affected.4.1.2 Any materials in contact with the water flowingthrough the device or system that can in any way contaminatethe water so that it is
16、injurious to humans are unacceptable.5. General Requirements5.1 The thermal-shock-preventing devices or systems shallmeet the following minimum requirements:5.1.1 The maximum allowable temperature at the wateroutlet to the fixture shall be 120F (49C) for maximum safety.5.1.2 The temperature of the w
17、ater discharging from thewater outlet of the devices or systems shall automatically becontrolled for maximum safety against rapid fluctuationswithin a total variation of 65F (62C) of the adjustedtemperature.5.1.3 The devices or systems shall be so constructed thatwhen repair is required, it can be e
18、ffected without disturbingthe piping supply system.5.1.4 Devices or systems shall withstand, without damageor impairment of the performance capabilities, a supply pres-sure of 125 psi (862 kPa).6. Instructions6.1 Installers Instructions:6.1.1 Complete instructions for installing, adjusting, andmaint
19、aining, where applicable, shall be provided with eachdevice/system.6.1.2 The instructions to installers should prominently dis-play the fact that responsibility for installation and adjustmentin accordance with the manufacturers instructions lies with theinstaller.6.1.3 At the time of installation,
20、the installer shall follow themanufacturers instructions for proper installation and adjust-ment of the unit. In addition, with mixing valves the instruc-tions shall state the following:6.1.3.1 When not equipped with an integral shut-off or whenthere is a shut-off installed after the mixing valve, t
21、here shall bestop and check valves on the inlets or in the water distributionpiping to the mixing valve. On multiple installations whenequipped with integral shut-off, there shall be service stopvalves on the inlets.6.1.4 Instructions for adjusting devices or systems, whererequired, shall include in
22、formation on temperature settingsbased on cold-water variations and hot-water capabilities as aguide to allow the installer to properly set the maximumwater-outlet temperature.NOTE 1The installer should also affix his name and company affili-ation to the warning note in 6.2.2.1.6.2 Users Instruction
23、s:6.2.1 Instructions that describe the operation of the unit andany care requirements necessary to maintain the device orsystem shall be applied or attached to the device or system bythe installer for the user.6.2.2 The user instructions shall contain the followingwarning:6.2.2.1 WarningThis device/
24、system has been preset by(to be filled in by the installer) to ensure safe, maximumtemperature. Any change in the setting may raise the dischargetemperature above the limit considered safe and lead to scalds.7. Marking7.1 Temperature-Control Marking Identification:7.1.1 Single-Handle DevicesSingle-h
25、andle, adjustable de-vices shall have identifiable control markings, such as cold andhot in letters or graphic identification, and shall indicate thedirection of knob or handle rotation to regulate the tempera-ture. Markings shall be clear and permanent.7.1.2 Dual-Handle DevicesDual-handle, adjustab
26、le de-vices shall have color, letter, or graphic markings that willidentify the hot and cold handles. Markings shall be clear andpermanent.7.1.3 Safety Shut-Off DevicesSafety shut-off devices, foruse on any valve, shall have the maximum operating tempera-ture and operating instructions clearly defin
27、ed in an accompa-nying instruction sheet. Markings shall be clear and permanent.7.2 GeneralAll devices shall bear the following mark-ings:7.2.1 Manufacturers name or trademark,7.2.2 Water temperature marking as in 7.1, and7.2.3 Direction of movement of the control knob or handlein accordance with 7.
28、1.1 and 7.1.2.8. Keywords8.1 discharge temperature; flow; prevention; safety; show-ering; thermal shockASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that d
29、etermination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved
30、 or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel
31、that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 445 88 (2004)e12
