1、Designation: F445 88 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Consumer Safety Specification forThermal-Shock-Preventing Devices and Systems inShowering Areas1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F445; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis consumer safety specification addresses certain hazards in connection with shower a
3、reas2andis directed toward thermal shock.The general requirements of this specification are intended to establish a maximum allowabledischarge temperature and provide for automatic compensation if that temperature is exceeded, orlimit temperature changes that are potentially dangerous, or both.This
4、specification establishes the necessary requirements to ensure safety from thermal shockduring showering for both the normal user capacity and limited user capacity of some aged, infirm,or young. These requirements can be attained through the utilization of devices, series of devices, orplumbing sys
5、tem designs, which are available in the marketplace. Many of these devices areapplicable to both new construction and retrofit installations. Specifications for the reliability andtesting of these devices and systems are available in most cases from such organizations as theAmerican National Standar
6、ds Institute or the American Society of Sanitary Engineering.1. Scope1.1 This consumer safety specification covers thermal-shock-preventing devices and systems delivering water toshowering areas.1.2 This specification establishes the minimum performancerequirements for the devices and systems to min
7、imize the risksassociated with the hazards of thermal shock.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This international st
8、andard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2.
9、 Terminology2.1 check valvevalve designed to allow the flow of waterin one direction only.2.2 devicepiece of equipment or mechanism designed toserve a special purpose or perform a special function.2.3 mixing valvedevice for mixing cold and hot water toproduce an intermediate temperature as required,
10、 eithermanually, pressure-equalizing, or thermostatically controlled,and which is adjustable manually or by other means.2.4 safety shut-off devicemaximum temperature-limitingdevice that reduces the flow of water to a specified amount.2.5 scaldfirst-, second-, or third-degree burn injury causedby the
11、 contact of hot water on the skin.2.6 showering areabathing space that consists of a tub,tub-shower, or shower stall bounded by four walls, real orimaginary, extending vertically to the ceiling from the outsideedge of the tub or stall.2.7 stop-check valvevalve designed to allow the flow ofwater in o
12、ne direction only and which also has the capability tocontrol the supply of water.2.8 stop valvevalve used for the control of water supply.2.9 thermal shockchange in temperature that is rapid andgreat enough to produce a potentially hazardous reaction.2.10 water outletdischarge opening through which
13、 wateris supplied to a bathing area.1This consumer safety specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commit-tee F15 on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF15.03 on Safety Standards for Bathtub and Shower Structures.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published
14、December 2017. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F445 88 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/F0445-88R17.2“A Systematic Program to Reduce the Incidence and Severity of Bathtub andShower Area Injuries,” Abt Associates, Inc., June 4, 1975.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harb
15、or Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendati
16、ons issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13. Compliance3.1 No device or system produced after the approval date ofthis consumer safety specification shall either by label or othermeans indicate compliance with this specification unless itconforms to all
17、requirements contained herein.4. Materials4.1 The materials used in the thermal-shock-preventingdevices or systems shall conform to the following:4.1.1 All parts, external or internal, shall be capable ofresisting deterioration in the environment to which they areexposed to the degree that the inten
18、ded performance of thedevice or system will not be adversely affected.4.1.2 Any materials in contact with the water flowingthrough the device or system that can in any way contaminatethe water so that it is injurious to humans are unacceptable.5. General Requirements5.1 The thermal-shock-preventing
19、devices or systems shallmeet the following minimum requirements:5.1.1 The maximum allowable temperature at the wateroutlet to the fixture shall be 120F (49C) for maximum safety.5.1.2 The temperature of the water discharging from thewater outlet of the devices or systems shall automatically becontrol
20、led for maximum safety against rapid fluctuationswithin a total variation of 65F (62C) of the adjustedtemperature.5.1.3 The devices or systems shall be so constructed thatwhen repair is required, it can be effected without disturbingthe piping supply system.5.1.4 Devices or systems shall withstand,
21、without damageor impairment of the performance capabilities, a supply pres-sure of 125 psi (862 kPa).6. Instructions6.1 Installers Instructions:6.1.1 Complete instructions for installing, adjusting, andmaintaining, where applicable, shall be provided with eachdevice/system.6.1.2 The instructions to
22、installers should prominently dis-play the fact that responsibility for installation and adjustmentin accordance with the manufacturers instructions lies with theinstaller.6.1.3 At the time of installation, the installer shall follow themanufacturers instructions for proper installation and adjust-m
23、ent of the unit. In addition, with mixing valves the instruc-tions shall state the following:6.1.3.1 When not equipped with an integral shut-off or whenthere is a shut-off installed after the mixing valve, there shall bestop and check valves on the inlets or in the water distributionpiping to the mi
24、xing valve. On multiple installations whenequipped with integral shut-off, there shall be service stopvalves on the inlets.6.1.4 Instructions for adjusting devices or systems, whererequired, shall include information on temperature settingsbased on cold-water variations and hot-water capabilities as
25、 aguide to allow the installer to properly set the maximumwater-outlet temperature.NOTE 1The installer should also affix his name and companyaffiliation to the warning note in 6.2.2.1.6.2 Users Instructions:6.2.1 Instructions that describe the operation of the unit andany care requirements necessary
26、 to maintain the device orsystem shall be applied or attached to the device or system bythe installer for the user.6.2.2 The user instructions shall contain the followingwarning:6.2.2.1 WarningThis device/system has been preset by(to be filled in by the installer) to ensure safe, maximumtemperature.
27、 Any change in the setting may raise the dischargetemperature above the limit considered safe and lead to scalds.7. Marking7.1 Temperature-Control Marking Identification:7.1.1 Single-Handle DevicesSingle-handle, adjustable de-vices shall have identifiable control markings, such as cold andhot in let
28、ters or graphic identification, and shall indicate thedirection of knob or handle rotation to regulate the tempera-ture. Markings shall be clear and permanent.7.1.2 Dual-Handle DevicesDual-handle, adjustable de-vices shall have color, letter, or graphic markings that willidentify the hot and cold ha
29、ndles. Markings shall be clear andpermanent.7.1.3 Safety Shut-Off DevicesSafety shut-off devices, foruse on any valve, shall have the maximum operating tempera-ture and operating instructions clearly defined in an accompa-nying instruction sheet. Markings shall be clear and permanent.7.2 GeneralAll
30、devices shall bear the following markings:7.2.1 Manufacturers name or trademark,7.2.2 Water temperature marking as in 7.1, and7.2.3 Direction of movement of the control knob or handlein accordance with 7.1.1 and 7.1.2.8. Keywords8.1 discharge temperature; flow; prevention; safety; show-ering; therma
31、l shockF445 88 (2017)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringeme
32、nt of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or
33、for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views kno
34、wn to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting AST
35、M at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 88 (2017)3
