1、Designation: F 598 00 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Practice forDetermining the Resistance of Carbonless Papers toCapsular Damage1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 598; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The test procedures of this practice are applicable to anycarbonless paper product that employs a coati
3、ng of micro-capsules bonded to one side of the paper wherein the activematerial within the capsules is a colorless reactant capable ofgenerating color when the capsules are broken and the con-tained solution is simultaneously transferred to a reactivereceptor surface capable of changing the chemical
4、 from acolorless to a colored condition.1.2 The procedures are designed to demonstrate the extentof damage incurred by (1) controlling the rate of slippage oftest units held in contact with each other under a calibratedweight and (2) by the controlled application of pressure to testunits held statio
5、nary with respect to each other.1.2.1 The first test procedure is designed to demonstrate theresistance to capsular damage related to plies slipping underpressure.1.2.2 The second test procedure is designed to demonstratethe resistance to capsular damage related only to pressure, suchas between plie
6、s within rolls, between sheets in a stack or dueto nip effects in web processing, converting, or end-useequipment.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult andestablish ap
7、propriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related ProductsD 685 Practice for Conditioning Paper a
8、nd Paper Productsfor TestingD 774/D 774M Test Method for Bursting Strength of PaperF 549 Terminology Relating to Carbonless Copy Products2.2 TAPPI Standard:T 425 Opacity of Paper (15/Diffuse Illuminant A, 89%Reflectance Backing and Paper Backing)32.3 ANSI Standards:IT 2.1619954IT 2.17199543. Termino
9、logy Definitions3.1 Refer to Terminology F 549.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Test Under Dynamic ConditionsA receptor (CF) testunit of fixed area is held in position under fixed pressure whilea donor test unit of specified length is drawn under it bycontrolled mechanical means. The receptor coated side o
10、f theCF sample and the donor coated side of the CB sample must bein contact.4.2 The degree of color development, as indicated by thecontrast ratio between the CF test specimen and the back-ground is used to calculate the damage factor.4.2.1 Reversing the positions of the CF and CB test unitswill res
11、ult in an invalid test. In a situation where the fixed areaof CB test unit is affected by a strip of CF unit, an attenuationof the released reactant will occur along the length of the testarea. The test must be conducted according to the conventionsspecified under 4.1 or the test conditions are not
12、being met.4.3 Test Under Stationary ConditionsCB and CF units ofidentical areas are placed face to face and subjected tocontrolled pressure without slippage. The degree of colordevelopment on the CF test specimen, as indicated by thecontrast ratio between the test specimen, and the background isused
13、 to calculate the damage factor.5. Significance and Use5.1 The primary purpose of these tests is to obtain informa-tion from a statistical sampling of a lot or shipment of paper1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessImaging Products and is the direct responsibility
14、 of Subcommittee F05.06 onCarbonless and Thermal Imaging Products.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as F 598 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custom
15、er Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, P.O.Box 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348.4Available from American National Standards
16、Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4thFloor, New York, NY 10036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.that will predict how well the whole lot will resist capsulardamage from normal handling processes, either in manufactur-ing
17、 or in subsequent processing, storage, and use.5.2 Other aspects of significance are covered in 1.2.6. Interferences6.1 If tests are performed as specified, there are no knowninterferences.7. Apparatus7.1 Bursting Strength Tester5Modified ASTM/TAPPIbursting strength tester (see Annex A1).7.2 Smooth
18、Steel Plate,3by3by14 in. (76 by 76 by 6.4mm) thick, for modifying clamp of bursting strength tester.7.3 OpacimeterStandard ASTM/TAPPI (BNL) Opacime-ter or alternative reflectometer (see Annex A2).7.4 Motorized Dynamic Slippage Tester.5,67.5 Stop Watch or Timer.8. Sampling8.1 The sample of the lot of
19、 paper to be tested shall consistof a percentage of test units so selected that the sample isstatistically representative of the average quality of the lot.8.2 Test Under Dynamic ConditionsThe size of the indi-vidual test units shall be: CF sheet, 2 in. wide by 13 in. (51 by330 mm) long, long side i
20、n machine direction; CB sheet, 218in. wide by 13 in. (54 by 330 mm) long, long side in machinedirection.8.3 Test Under Stationary ConditionsThe size of both CFand CB test units shall be 3 by 3 in. (76 by 76 mm).9. Calibration9.1 Bursting Strength TesterFor general information onthe calibration and u
21、se of bursting strength testers, refer to TestMethod D 774 and Annex A1.9.2 Opacimeter/ReflectometerFor general information onthe calibration and use of BNL Opacimeter/Reflectometers (oralternative instruments), refer to TAPPI T 425, ANSI IT 2.16and IT 2.17 and Annex A2.9.3 Dynamic Slippage TesterIn
22、formation on calibrationand use will be furnished by manufacturer or purchaser.10. Conditioning10.1 Condition the test units for at least 12 h at 736 2F (236 1C) and 50 % relative humidity prior to testing. Refer toPractice D 685.11. Procedure11.1 Test Under Dynamic ConditionsThis test should becond
23、ucted in a conditioned cabinet or room with the tempera-ture and relative humidity controlled as specified in Section 10.Each sample is run in triplicate.11.1.1 Pull a fixed length of CB test unit under a fixed areaof CF test unit.11.1.1.1 The characteristics of the dynamic slippage testerare such t
24、hat the CF test unit will be affected by the entirelength of the exposed CB test unit at a rate of 1 ft/s (305 mm/s)with a contact area of 214 in.2(14.51 cm2) under a pressure of4 psi (28 kPa).11.1.2 After 10 min 6 30 s, take reflectance readings on theCF test specimen at three equidistant intervals
25、 across theaffected area, being careful to avoid the edges when taking thereadings. Average the three readings for calculation and report-ing.11.1.3 Optionally a control sample with known performancequalities can be run at the same time. Follow the sameprocedure as given in 11.1.1 and 11.1.2.11.2 Te
26、st Under Stationary ConditionsThe test should beconducted in a conditioned cabinet or room, with the tempera-ture and relative humidity controlled as specified in Section 10.Each sample is run in triplicate.11.2.1 Insert the CB test unit first, capsular coated side up,onto the bottom plate of the te
27、ster clamp, followed by the CFunit, face side down. Then carefully position the metal plateover the top side of the CF unit.11.2.2 Lower the bursting strength tester clamp into positionand increase the diaphragm pressure to 300 psi (2.1 MPa)within 5 s. Hold the pressure at 300 psi for 30 6 1 s and t
28、henrelieve. Carefully remove the test units from the tester withoutseparating and keep in contact without pressure for 24 h.11.2.3 After 24 h, discard the CB test unit and read thereflectance of the CF test specimen. Take three readings,avoiding any readings from the edges of the affected area.Avera
29、ge the three readings for calculation and reporting.11.2.4 Optionally a control sample with known performancequalities can be run at the same time. Follow the sameprocedure as given in 11.2.1 through 11.2.3.12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the damage resistance as follows:Percent damage resistance 5ref
30、lectance of test specimen 3 100backgroundBackground is determined in advance by taking the averageof three reflectance readings for each receptor test unit.13. Report13.1 Report the contrast ratio to the nearest whole percent ofthe average of three readings per test specimen. Use data fromthree indi
31、vidual test units. The reported result will thereforeconsist of an average of a total of nine readings.14. Precision and Bias14.1 This practice will provide repeatable ranking orderresults or repeatable relationship to a control within a labora-tory using the same equipment. It may not be possible t
32、oestablish a reproducible ranking order and comparative resultsbetween locations because of differences in equipment, mate-rials, and conditions.5The sole source of supply of the bursting strength testers (Mullen Testors)known to the committee at this time is Testing Machines, Inc., 400 Bayview Road
33、,Amityville, NY 11711. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide thisinformation to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receivecareful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee1, whichyou may attend.6The sole source of supply of the dynamic sli
34、ppage testers known to thecommittee at this time is Fox River Tool Co., Inc., 1084 Valley Road, Menasha, WI54952.F 598 00 (2004)215. Keywords15.1 carbonless copy paper; carbonless paper; capsule dam-age; CB; microcapsulesANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. BURSTING STRENGTH TESTERA1.1 Stationary Condi
35、tionsEquipment is required thatwill bring a predetermined uniform pressure to bear across aspecified area of juxtaposed CB and CF test units. For allpractical purposes, any device that will produce the conditionsspecified for the test should produce the required results.A1.2 In practice, it has been
36、 found that a hand-operatedjumbo Mullen Testor with a maximum capacity of 400 psi (2.8MPa) is desirable because of the ease with which the pressuremay be brought up to that specified in the test, held constantover the required time period and then released.A1.3 Although the hand-operated tester is p
37、referable forreasons stated above, mechanically driven models can be used.Their use, however, requires more practice and skill on the partof the operator to stop the mechanical cycle before it reachesthe 300-psi (2.1-MPa) point, advance the pressure manually to300 psi, hold for the specified time in
38、terval, and then allow themechanical cycle to return the pressure to zero.A1.4 Alternative Methods of Applying Pressure for TestUnder Stationary Conditions It has been suggested thatmeans other than the bursting strength tester might be utilizedfor applying the pressure necessary to produce controll
39、edcapsular damage under stationary conditions and, as a matter offact, before bursting strength testers came into general use,considerable work was done trying to use hydraulic presses forthis purpose.A1.5 At the time when the bursting strength tester wasadopted, none of these approaches had demonst
40、rated thenecessary pressure retention stability at the 300-psi (2.1-MPa)test point. However, the use of such equipment is not ruled outif it can be demonstrated that control equivalent to the burstingstrength tester approach can be achieved.A2. REFLECTANCE-MEASURING EQUIPMENTA2.1 The important facto
41、rs to consider in selecting areflectometer for measuring the reflectance of carbonless copypapers are:A2.1.1 Optical Response CurveSome reflectometers havea fixed optical response. Others are equipped with filters whichmay be used to shift the optical response into a desired range.A2.1.2 Simplicity
42、of OperationThe test procedures re-quire that many readings be taken and, therefore, the easier theequipment is to use and the more rapid the readout per test, thebetter.A2.1.3 Availability If a more complex apparatus is athand, one may wish to use it instead of investing in asecondpiece of equipmen
43、t.A2.2 Any reflectometer that has a spectral energy distribu-tion curve close to that of the sensitivity curve of the humaneye or that can be modified with a proper filter to provide suchresponse, should be adequate for the job.A2.3 In all cases, the ability to set up calibration curves tobring the
44、data from one type of reflectometer into agreementwith other types should be given the highest priority. Withoutthis ability, data gathered by a customer using one type ofequipment may be meaningless to a supplier using anothertype. Customers should consult with their suppliers to deter-mine which t
45、ype of reflectometer is recommended for theirproducts.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent r
46、ights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either f
47、or revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair heari
48、ng you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 598 00 (2004)3
