1、Designation: F 627 99 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Practice forTesting Flake of Single-Strike Film Typewriter Ribbons1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 627; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONFlake is a term used to describe solid ink that is removed from a film-base typewriter ribbon duringuse, other tha
3、n that required for creation of any image. It can have the cumulative effects of cloggingthe type face and contaminating the typewriter. Three variables can affect the flaking tendency of aribbon: (1) ink formulation and coated weight, (2) adhesion of the ink to the base film, and (3) designand adju
4、stments of the typewriter and cartridge. Flaking can be caused by the following mechanicalforces:(1) Impact of the type faceIf the ink coating is brittle, fidelity of the edges of letters will bediminished as a result of irregular fracture by the type striking the ribbon.(2) Abrasive forces during t
5、ransport of the ribbonThese can cause coating to be removed as aresult of contact of the moving ribbon with parts of the typewriter.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers two tests comparing the amount offlake of film typewriter ribbons.1.2 A short test is recommended for partially used ribbonswhere flake
6、 is suspected.1.3 A long test is recommended for use with unused ribbonsthat can be tested in their entirety.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety
7、 and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 3460 Specification for White Watermarked, Unwater-marked Bond, Mimeograph, Duplicator, Xerographic, andLaser Printer Cut-Sized Office PapersF 221 Terminology Rel
8、ating to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made TherefromF 497 Practice for Use of the Electric and Electronic Type-writer as a Test InstrumentF 1125 Terminology of Image Quality in Impact PrintingSystems3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms relating to carbonpaper a
9、nd inked ribbon products refer to Terminology F 221.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Both short and long tests require normal use of theribbon on the machine for which it was designed and compari-son of the results with those from a similar control ribbon, rununder the same conditions on the same typewrite
10、r.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice may be used for service evaluation,development, research, and specification acceptance.5.2 The tests will produce significant results only if thecontrol is the same product as the ribbon being tested.5.3 This practice does not establish a standard or impose
11、limits, but provides a means of assigning causes and comparingresults.6. Interferences6.1 Any differences in ribbon processing, ribbon storageconditions, ribbon winding, or copy paper may cause variationin the test results.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 on BusinessCop
12、y Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.02 on CarbonPaper and Inked Ribbons.Current edition approved July 10, 1999. Published September 1999. Originallypublished as F 627 79. Last previous edition F 627 94.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
13、orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.2 An equal amo
14、unt of flake-off from darker writingribbons, as compared to lighter writing ribbons, would appeardarker. This should be considered when making comparisons.6.3 The same typewriter must be used for both the testribbon and the control, due to adjustment variations betweenmachines. Identical impact sett
15、ings, platen position, and ribbontensions must be used for both the control and the test ribbons.6.4 Cartridge ribbons should be examined to differentiatebetween any incidence of flaking that is inherent to the ribbon,as opposed to flaking that is induced by poor design orimperfections in the cartri
16、dge. A poorly designed or badlyfabricated cartridge can cause flaking as a result of pressure ofthe ribbon against it during transport. This is particularlyimportant with correctable ribbon where the adhesion of theink to the base film is low.7. Apparatus7.1 Typewriter, on which the product being te
17、sted is nor-mally used.7.2 Device, for automated continuous operation.8. Materials8.1 Bond paper, Grade 4, Type I (Specification D 3460), 20lb weight (17 3 22 in.; 50 sheets) (75 8/m2).9. Sampling9.1 Standard production ribbons shall be identified by lotnumbers and at least two from each identified
18、lot shall be used.10. Preparation of the Apparatus10.1 Adjust the typewriter in accordance with PracticeF 497 and the manufacturers instructions. Optimize the impactpressure and maintain at the same setting throughout the tests.10.2 Clean the typewriter prior to conducting the tests so asto remove a
19、ll dust and flake from previous use.11. Procedure11.1 Short Test, for partially used ribbons where flake issuspected:11.1.1 Clean the typewriter to remove all visible evidence ofdust, dirt, or flake from feed rolls, ribbon guides, ribbonvibrator, aligning scale, platen, dust shield, carriage ways, a
20、ndsegments.11.1.2 Attach strips of two-sided adhesive tape in the impactarea of the typewriter in order to collect flake particles.11.1.3 Install the ribbon to be tested and advance to theunused area.11.1.4 Type 750 characters (approximately a one-page let-ter).11.1.5 Remove the ribbon and paper fro
21、m the machine.11.1.6 Remove the two-sided adhesive tape, being carefulnot to disturb the flakes which have fallen onto it. It may bedesirable to photograph the tape before it is removed. Save thetape as part of the report.11.1.7 Repeat 11.1.1 through 11.1.6 with each sample andcontrol ribbon, using
22、the same type of paper for each test.11.2 Long Test, for unused ribbons:11.2.1 Clean the machine as in 11.1.1.11.2.2 Attach strips of two-sided adhesive tape in the impactarea of the typewriter in order to collect flake particles.11.2.3 Install the ribbon to be tested and advance beyond theleader.11
23、.2.4 Type through the entire ribbon with the aid of anautomatic device and program.11.2.5 Remove the ribbon and the used paper.11.2.6 Remove the two-sided adhesive tape, being carefulnot to disturb the flakes which have fallen onto it. It may bedesirable to photograph the tape before it is removed.
24、Save thetape as part of the report.11.2.7 Repeat 11.2.1 through 11.2.6 with each sample andthe control ribbon, using the same paper and the same programfor each test.12. Interpretation of Results12.1 All visual examination should be done with the aid ofmagnification.12.2 Examine the typed paper in t
25、he margin and betweenthe typed lines for spots or dots of ink that are not attached toan image.12.2.1 Rate this machine-function flake by size and count ofspots in accordance with Terminology F 1125.12.3 Examine the font line of images 1, 8, e, M, and % forsharpness (definition of font line edge), d
26、egree of feathering,fill of image line (absence of voids in the copy), and forevidence of bridging in closed-loop images.12.3.1 Rate this ribbon-function flake on the 5-step scale:5 = good, 3 = medium, and 1 = bad.12.4 Examine the typewriter for evidence of flake on feedrolls, ribbon guides, alignin
27、g scale, carriage rails, and seg-ments.12.4.1 Rate this machine-function flake on the same scale.Where possible, record the evidence with a photograph.12.5 Examine the cartridge inside and out for evidence ofink deposits.12.5.1 Rate the amount of this machine-function flake onthe same scale and reco
28、rd the evidence with a photograph.12.5.2 Examine the flake-collecting strips of two-sidedadhesive tape. Rate the amounts collected on the same scale as12.3.1.12.6 Carefully remove or unwind the last-used section ofthe ribbon, and 1 to 2 yd of the first-used section for anyevidence of ink being remov
29、ed from areas other than theprinted characters. Pay particular attention to ribbon edges andspaces between tracks. Examine for uniformity of track, andfor partial or complete overstrike. Examine for elongation ofthe base film.12.7 Rate this machine-function flake for source, size, andshape of deinke
30、d areas.12.7.1 Edge flake is usually related to the ribbon vibrator ofthe aligning scale.12.7.2 Flake before impact is usually due to tension in theunwind.12.7.3 Elongation (ribbon narrowing with long wrinkles) iscaused by excessive rewind tension.12.8 Retain the pieces of used ribbon and mount as e
31、xhibits.F 627 99 (2003)213. Report13.1 List the ranking of each sample and its control for eachof 12.2.1 through 12.7.13.2 Identify major areas of flake and their causes.13.3 Report a ranking for each sample in relation to thecontrol ribbon.14. Precision and Bias14.1 This practice will provide repea
32、table ranking orderresults or repeatable relationship to a control within a labora-tory using the same typewriter and operator.14.2 Rank order and comparative results may not necessar-ily be reproduced between laboratories because of differencesbetween operators, typewriters, typewriter actions, and
33、 ambi-ent conditions.15. Keywords15.1 film; flake; ribbon; typewriterASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of an
34、y such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are i
35、nvited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not receiv
36、ed a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 627 99 (2003)3
