1、Designation: F 631 99Standard Guide forCollecting Skimmer Performance Data in ControlledEnvironments1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 631; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard provides a guide for determining perfor-mance parameters of full-scale oil spill removal devices inrecovering floa
3、ting oil when tested in controlled environments.1.2 This guide involves the use of specific test oils that maybe considered hazardous materials after testing is completed. Itis the responsibility of the user of this guide to procure andabide by the necessary permits for disposal of the used test oil
4、.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced
5、Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D 971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater by the Ring MethodD 1298 Test Method for De
6、nsity, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and LiquidPetroleum Products by Hydrometer MethodD 2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity ofAutomotive Fluid Lubricants Measured by BrookfieldViscometerD 4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oilby the Ce
7、ntrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)F 625 Practice for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill Con-trol SystemsF 808 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data inUncontrolled Environments33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 data collection period, nthe period of ti
8、me during atest run when the performance data are recorded.3.1.2 emulsification factor, nthe increase in total fluids instorage as a result of emulsification by the skimming mecha-nism, the skimmer pump, or other component of the skimmer.EF 5WCFWC0!/100WCF!11 (1)where:WCF= the final water content %,
9、 andWC0= the initial water content %.3.1.3 nameplate recovery rate, nthe maximum skimmingcapacity of a device as stated by the manufacturer.3.1.4 oil encounter rate, nthe volume of oil per unit timeactively directed to the removal mechanism (m3/h).3.1.5 oil recovery effciency, nthe ratio, expressed
10、as apercentage, of the volume of oil recovered to the volume oftotal fluids recovered.3.1.6 oil recovery rate, nthe volume of oil recovered bythe device per unit of time (m3/h).3.1.7 oil slick, nthe oily fluid encountered by the skim-mer.3.1.7.1 DiscussionMost real oil slicks actually are com-posed
11、of various proportions of pure oil, water-in-oil (W/O)emulsions, and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions; therefore, effi-ciencies and other performance criteria must be differentiatedbetween those based on the oil slick itself, and those based ononly the water-free oil contained within the oil slick.3.1.8
12、 oil slick encounter rate, nthe volume of oil slick perunit time actively encountered by the skimmer, and therefore,available for recovery (m3/h).3.1.9 oil slick recovery effciency, nthe ratio, expressed asa percentage, of the volume of oil slick recovered to thevolume of total fluids recovered.1Thi
13、s guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.12 on Removal.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1999. Published December 1999. Originallypublished as F 631 80. Last previous edition F 631 93.2F
14、or referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive
15、, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.10 oil slick recovery rate, nthe volume of oil slickremoved from the water surface by the skimmer per unit oftime.3.1.11 oil slick thickness, nthe average thickness of the oilslick encountered by the test device (mm).3.1.12 test flui
16、d, nthe oil or oil/water mixture distributedon the water of the test facility and presented to the spillremoval device for recovery.3.1.13 throughput effciency, nthe ratio, expressed as apercentage, of the volume of oil recovered to the volume of oilencountered.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide
17、provides quantitative data in the form of oilrecovery rates, throughput efficiencies, and oil recovery effi-ciencies under controlled test conditions. The data can be usedfor evaluating design characteristics of a particular spill re-moval device or as a means of comparing two or more devices.Cautio
18、n must be exercised whenever test data are used topredict performance in actual spill situations as the uncon-trolled environmental conditions that affect performance in thefield are rarely identical to conditions in the test tank. Othervariables such as mechanical reliability, presence of debris,ea
19、se of repair, ease of deployment, required operator training,operator fatigue, seaworthiness, and transportability also affectperformance in an actual spill but are not measured by thisguide. These variables should be considered along with the testdata when making comparisons or evaluations of spill
20、 removaldevices.5. Summary of Guide5.1 The spill removal device may be tested in a wave/towtank or other facility that is suitable for controlling theappropriate test parameters. Significant testing results can beobtained using simple test tanks or ponds, particularly whencalm water and low velocity
21、 advancing tests are desired as aneconomical means to screen and compare devices. Controlledtest variables include relative velocity, oil properties and slickthickness, wave conditions, and pertinent device variables. It isessential that the device be operated in a steady-state conditionduring the s
22、ampling period when oil encounter rate, recoveryrate, recovery efficiency, and device parameters are monitored,measured, and recorded.6. Interferences6.1 The table of results (see 13.1) shall address the possi-bility of test facility effects. For example, wall effects mayinterfere hydrodynamically w
23、ith the devices performance.6.2 Care should be taken that any containment means that isnot inherent in the skimming device does not affect the oildistribution to the device.7. Test Facilities7.1 Several types of test facilities can be used to conduct thetest outlined in this guide.7.1.1 Wave/Tow Tan
24、k A wave/tow tank has a movablebridge or other mechanism for towing the test device throughwater for the length of the facility. A wave generator may beinstalled on one end, or on the side of the facility, or both.7.1.2 Current Tank A current tank is a water-filled tankequipped with a pump or other
25、propulsion system for movingthe water through a test section where the test device ismounted.Awave generator may be installed on this type of testfacility.7.1.3 Other facilities, such as private ponds or flumes, mayalso be used, provided the test parameters can be suitablycontrolled.7.2 Ancillary sy
26、stems for facilities include, but are notlimited to, a distribution system for accurately delivering oilsto the water surface, skimming systems to assist in cleaning thefacility between tests, and adequate tankage for storing the testoils.8. Test Oils8.1 Test oils for use with this guide should be s
27、elected to fallwithin the parameters specified in Appendix X1. These oilsmay be crude, refined, or simulated.8.2 If test oils vary significantly from the recommendedranges, the test report shall discuss the implications of suchdeviations on the performance of the device.8.3 The viscosity of oil vari
28、es greatly with temperature.Frequently test oils must be distributed in the test facility attemperatures different from the water temperature. When thisoccurs, the oil generally will approach the surface watertemperature.8.4 If oils that originally meet the conditions stated inAppendix X1 are reused
29、, their properties may change andshould be evaluated prior to reuse.9. Safety Precautions9.1 Test operations shall conform to established safety (andregulatory) requirements for both test facility operations andoil handling. Particular caution must be exercised when han-dling flammable or toxic test
30、 oils.10. Test Device10.1 The test device shall be deployed in accordance withfacility operating characteristics. The device must be operatedin accordance with the manufacturers specified operatinginstructions with respect to mechanical operations and estab-lished maintenance routines. Modifications
31、 to the device, inany modification from commercial design, shall be recordedwith the test results.10.2 The make and model of the device, its nameplaterecovery rate, and any other identifying specifications shall berecorded with the test results.11. Test Variables11.1 At the outset of the test, the i
32、ndependent or control testparameters are selected. The test evaluator should include adiscussion of the procedures that were used to establishcalibration and standardization. Data should be expressed withan indication of variability. Typical test variables include:Test oils as stated in Appendix X1T
33、est speed upper and lower limits and speed incrementsselected as appropriate within 6 0.1 m/sOil slick thickness 1, 5, and 25 mm and other thicknesses as ap-propriateF631992Wave conditions wave characteristics of significant height, aver-age length, and average significant period andpattern may be v
34、aried as appropriate to the de-sign of the skimmerWave height 0 mm, 150 mm, and 450 mmDebris Use various materials to simulate various formsof natural debris that may hinder skimmer opera-tion. Recommended materials include: polypro-pylene rope,12 in. diameter, cut into lengthsranging from 4 in. to
35、2 ft; softwood lumber, nomi-nal dimensions 2 by 2 in., lengths ranging from4 in. to 2 ft; foam sponges, nominal size 4 to 12in; broken ice, nominal size 1 to 4 in. diameter;seaweed, lengths up to 5 ft; plastic or aluminumdisposable containers (such as soda cans); sor-bent pads, booms, or sheets; or
36、other suitablematerials. Use adequate number of pieces toproduce concentrations at the skimmer inlet areacorresponding to 50 % surface coverage.12. Procedure12.1 Prior to the test, select the operating parameters, suchas tow speed (as applicable), wave conditions, test fluid, and oildistribution rat
37、e. Then prepare the facility and spill removaldevice for the test run. Occasionally, it may be necessary topreload the device with test fluid to achieve steady-stateoperation within a reasonable period of time.Any preload mustbe carefully measured and discharged into the device. Measureor note immed
38、iately prior to each test the following parametersdescribing ambient conditions:12.1.1 Air temperature (C),12.1.2 Water temperature near the surface (C),12.1.3 Wind speed (m/s),12.1.4 Wind direction relative to the test device, and12.1.5 General weather conditions, for example, rain, over-cast, sunn
39、y, etc.12.2 Start the wave generator (if necessary), test fluiddistribution system, tow mechanism or water flow (if neces-sary), and the spill removal device to begin a test run. Directthe discharge flow of recovered fluid from the device into aholding tank or back into the test tank out of the devi
40、ces sweeppath during the transient start-up period. After steady-stateoperation is achieved, monitor the discharge flow to obtainperformance data. The discharge may be pumped through aflowmeter to obtain a flow rate and sampled periodically toobtain the oil-to-fluid ratio.Alternatively, the discharg
41、e may bediverted into calibrated sample tanks from which the flow rateand oil-to-fluid ratio may be determined. In either case, the datacollection period begins when sampling starts and ends whensampling stops. During the data collection period or immedi-ately thereafter, measure and record the foll
42、owing parameters:12.2.1 Test fluid distribution rate (m3/h),12.2.2 Fluid recovery rate (oil and water) (m3/h),12.2.3 Tow speed or current speed (m/s),12.2.4 Wave characteristics (see Practice F 625 for environ-mental descriptors and classifications),12.2.5 Length of data collection period,12.2.6 Oil
43、 encounter rate (m3/h),12.2.7 Oil slick encounter rate (m3/h), and12.2.8 Operating parameters of the spill recovery devicesuch as belt speed (m/s), weir setting (mm below fluid level),pump speed (r/min), etc.12.3 At the completion of the data collection period, divertthe discharge of the spill remov
44、al device back into the holdingtank or test tank. Stop the wave generator, tow mechanism orwater flow, oil distribution, and spill removal device. Depend-ing on the degree and variability of changes in the oilproperties, the test evaluator will determine the requiredschedule of analysis to provide r
45、epresentative samples. Ana-lyze representative samples of the discharge to determineoil-to-fluid ratio. Analyze representative samples of the recov-ered test oil to determine the following:12.3.1 Density (g/mL),12.3.2 Viscosity (mm2/s),12.3.3 Surface tension (mN/m),12.3.4 Interfacial tension with re
46、spect to test tank water(mN/m), and12.3.5 Water content (percent of total mixture).12.4 Perform the analyses in 12.3 at the surface watertemperature or in such a way that the values of these param-eters at the surface water temperature can be determined fromthe analytical data.13. Report13.1 Prepare
47、 a schematic diagram of the layout for the testseries.13.2 Prepare a table of results for the test run containing thefollowing entries:13.2.1 Test identification number.13.2.2 Date and time of day.13.2.3 Average speed (tow speed or current speed, m/s)during data collection period.NOTE 1This rate is
48、averaged over the data collection period.13.2.4 Test oil type.13.2.5 Oil slick thicknessCalculation of slick thicknessshould include a brief discussion of the method used formeasuring variation in the thickness, especially for heavy oils.13.2.6 For regular waves, include height, average period (orle
49、ngth), and whether head or following. For irregular waves,include significant height, significant frequency, spectral char-acteristics, and whether head or following. Primary and sec-ondary (reflected) wave basin characteristics shall be de-scribed.13.2.7 Oil properties at test temperatures, including density,viscosity, surface tension, interfacial tension with tank water,and initial water content of oil.13.2.8 Recovered oil properties as performed in 12.3.13.2.9 Total volume of oil distributed during data collectionperiod.13.2.10 Total volume of oil e
